NR, Qu Screening for cancer in low- and middle-income countries. . MB, Fullman A, A, Dr Conde reported being a cofounder of and shareholder in TargTex S.A. Dr Dai reported grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies. If the link is not working, do let us know using the comments section, we will readily update it. GA, Alkema S, The links include Read Online and Download Book. Surgical intervention for fractures of the radius or ulna have been reported to offer no clear benefit over conservative methods, but involves increased costs and risks of major complications. Stomach cancer was estimated to cause an estimated 22.2 million (95% UI, 20.3-24.1 million) DALYs in 2019; of these, 98.4% (95% UI, 98.0%-98.9%) came from YLLs and 1.6% (95% UI, 1.1%-2.0%) from YLDs (eTable 14 and eFigure 4 in the Supplement). Fifth, cancer survival estimation methods were updated to improve uncertainty estimations and estimate age-specific instead of all-ages survival curves. In 2019, there were 1.09 million (95% UI, 1.00-1.15 million) deaths due to CRC and 2.17 million (95% UI, 2.00-2.34 million) incident CRC cases (Table 1). Because such studies heterogeneously report on long-term outcomes, the major task will be to find credible adjustments to approximate common outcomes. R. Cancers are a major contributor to disease burden worldwide, and projections forecast that global cancer burden will continue to grow for at least the next 2 decades.1-4 The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize the need for reducing cancer burden as part of target 3.4, stating By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases [NCDs] through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.5 Most countries will need to accelerate their efforts to reduce NCD burden, including cancer, to meet this SDG target.6,7 Increasing the pace of progress will be particularly critical given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to delays and disruptions in cancer screenings, diagnosis, and treatment around the world.8-12, The importance of prevention and control of NCDs, including cancer, was emphasized by the third UN High-Level Meeting on NCDs in 201813 and the UN High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage in 2019.14,15 World Health Organization initiatives that are focused on breast cancer,16 cervical cancer,17 and childhood cancer18 are valuable efforts toward reducing global cancer burden in combination with national-level cancer control planning and implementation. J, Siegel S Haque acknowledges support from Jazan University, Saudi Arabia, for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this study. Similarly, because nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has relatively high incidence and low mortality compared with other cancers, this article presents estimates with and without NMSC. This decision has led to some underestimation of incidence and short-term disability but not long-term disability, because we assigned all remaining disability at 1 year to the more severe of co-occurring injuries. Sex-specific DALY rankings differed slightly from those previously described because of the higher prominence of several sex-specific cancers. MB), Help with MB, Gupta S Das Clinical Surgery. NM, image, https://www.alzint.org/u/WorldAlzheimerReport2019.pdf, Download .pdf (2.01 eTable 1. Colors refer to the directional change in cancer rank from 2010 to 2019: red signifies an increase in rank, blue signifies no change in rank, and green signifies a decrease in rank. , Mollica Additional information can be found in the eAppendix in the Supplement. The perfect book written by Bailey and Love for Surgery can be considered anywhere, and is most followed in India. AUTHOR. Then, candidates shall go through the name of the participating institutes through the link Institute Profile available at the official website. In contrast, stomach cancer and leukemia dropped from second and fifth to third and seventh during the same period because of large decreases in age-standardized DALY rates and minimal changes in the number of DALYs (Figure 2). Dr Volovici reports personal fees from JAMA Network Open. These cancer mortality estimates were then scaled to align with the total mortality for all causes of death, which was separately estimated in GBD 2019 (eTable 10 in the Supplement).21 To estimate YLLs, a standard age-specific GBD life expectancy was applied to mortality estimates by age group (eAppendix in the Supplement).20. C, Ries Drafting of the manuscript: Kocarnik, Compton, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Abedi, Adedeji, S. Ahmadi, Ahmed Rashid, Almasi-Hashiani, Ansari, Anvari, Aripov, Aujayeb, Azab, Azzam, Bleyer, Cembranel, Chakinala, V. Chattu, Corts, Denova-Gutirrez, M. Dhimal, Dianatinasab, Do, Elhadi, Faisaluddin, Fares, Gad, Gadanya, Ghashghaee, Glasbey, Hafezi-Nejad, S. Hay, G. Heidari, Househ, Huang, Hussein, J. Islam, Isola, Jain, Kasa, Kavetskyy, Keshavarz, Khalilov, Khater, A. Kisa, S. Kisa, Magdy Abd El Razek, Malik, Mansournia, Masoumi, Moghadaszadeh, K. Mohammad, Mohammed, Moka, Mokdad, H. Nguyen, N. Otstavnov, Pashazadeh Kan, Pati, Pourjafar, Preotescu, M. Rabiee, Rahim, Rahmani, Rajai, Ram, S. Rao, Rodriguez, Samy, Sanabria, Seylani, Shamsoddin, Sharma, Taherkhani, Vaezi, Valadan Tahbaz, Vo, Vu, Westerman, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Zastrozhin, Zastrozhina, Force. D. Added. Dr Kauppila reported grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and Pivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation outside the submitted work. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. If you need help, following are some posts that can greatly help you understand clinical medicine. , Sankaranarayanan L F S Castro-de-Araujo acknowledges support from the Medical Research Council (London; grant number MC_PC_MR/T03355X/1). If still not, heres the direct link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_HaQXMivH8KfGgzy4SnU1LlSQkWea-Rc/view, please share the link of latest edition, 14th edition, Can u please share the link of S Das14th edition, Please share the link of S dad 14th edition. Trends in mortality globally, and by SDI quintile, both sexes, 2010 to 2019, eTable 18. et al; GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators. I Filip reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers' bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute in the form of financial support, outside the submitted work. It looks like BioWare is jumping on the bandwagon and using the once-unofficial Dragon Age Day to drop news about the narrative-driven RPG franchise. Dr Koul reports research support from Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences. 2022 American Medical Association. If you CAN hear or see the fans spinning, then your PSU IS functioning properly. The other noncommunicable diseases include congenital birth defects; urinary diseases and male infertility; gynecological diseases; hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias; endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders; oral disorders; and sudden infant death syndrome. The following results exclude NMSC. Among the 22 groups of diseases and injuries in level 2 of the GBD cause hierarchy (Figure 122), total cancer was the second-highest cause of DALYs, deaths, and YLLs behind cardiovascular diseases (Table 2; eTable 15 in the Supplement). DP, Rangarajan Dr Sekerija reported personal fees from Roche and Johnson & Johnson outside the submitted work. A global cancer surveillance framework within noncommunicable disease surveillance: making the case for population-based cancer registries. 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia (Skryabin); Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russia (Skryabina); Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Soeberg, Takahashi); Cochrane Iran Associate Centre, National Institute for Medical Research Development, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (Sofi-Mahmudi); Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Sotoudeh); Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Steiropoulos); Schiller Institute, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts (Straif); Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain (Straif); Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (Subedi); Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Sufiyan); Pediatric Services, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan (Sultan); Pediatrics, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Sultan); Maternal and Child Health, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Sultana); Department of Medical Oncology, The Oncology Institute Prof Dr Ion Chiricu Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Sur); Department of Medical Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Sur); Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Szcska); Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Tabars-Seisdedos); Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain (Tabars-Seisdedos); Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan (Tabuchi); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Tadbiri); Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Taherkhani); Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (Talaat); Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Tan); Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston (Tat); College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia (Tedla); University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Tedla); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Tefera); Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Tehrani-Banihashemi); Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Temsah); School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Tesfay); Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Tesfay); School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Tessema); Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Thavamani); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (Thoguluva Chandrasekar); Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India (Thomas); HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (Tohidinik); Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute for Health and Medical Research Institut national de la sant et de la recherche mdicale, Paris, France (Touvier); Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France (Touvier); Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of So Paulo, Ribeiro Preto, Brazil (Tovani-Palone); Modestum LTD, London, England (Tovani-Palone); Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (Traini); Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (B. X. Tran); Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (K. B. Tran); Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand (K. B. Tran); School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (M. T. N. Tran); Health Informatics Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam (M. T. N. Tran); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India (Tripathy); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia (Tusa); Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan (I. Ullah); Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan (I. Ullah); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois (Umapathi); Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (Unnikrishnan); Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India (Upadhyay); Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Vaezi); Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Vaezi); Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran (Valadan Tahbaz, Yahyazadeh Jabbari); Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Valadan Tahbaz); Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (Veroux); Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (Violante); Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (Violante); Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Vlassov); Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Vo); Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Volovici); Center for Experimental Microsurgery, Iuliu Haieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Volovici); Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (Wamai); School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (Wamai); College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Ward); Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Stomatological Hospital (College) of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (Wen); Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany (Westerman); Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (Winkler); Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Winkler); Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Yadav); Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India (Yadav); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, British Columbia, Canada (Yang); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Yang); School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Yaya); George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England (Yaya); Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia (Yazie); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Yeshaw); Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan (Yonemoto); Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (Yonemoto); Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi (Younis); School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (Younis); Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Yousefi); Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (Yuce); Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia (Yunusa); Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Zadnik); Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran (Zare); Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia (Zastrozhin); Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia (Zastrozhin); Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia (Zastrozhina); Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Zhang); Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Zhang); Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Zhou); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (Zhu); Departamento de Sade Coletiva, Braslia University, Brasilia, Brazil (Zimmermann); Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (Fitzmaurice); Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle (Force). R, Lopez These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world. S, S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). The proportion of estimated total global DALYs that were due to cancer increased from 8.4% (95% UI, 7.7%-9.0%) of total DALYs from all causes in 2010 to 9.9% (95% UI, 8.9%-10.9%) in 2019. Trends in incidence globally, and by SDI quintile, both sexes, 2010 to 2019, eTable 17. Second, attention should be paid to the occupational hazards that can cause fracture, including making and enforcing policies to provide safe environments for workers. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): a population-based study. Second, we used country-level forecasts of four different risk factors that have been shown to be associated with dementia, and the observed association between these risks and dementia prevalence from 1990 to 2019, to incorporate changes in prevalence that would be due to changes in these risk factors. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37513025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. In 2019, TBL cancer had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs in both sexes combined in all but the low SDI quintile, in which it was breast cancer (eFigure 11 in the Supplement). manipal manual of surgery. Download. Guides And Notes For Medical Students. D, Pain Dr Driscoll reports expert testimony in 2019 and board membership with the Expert Advisory Group of the Australian Mesothelioma Registry outside the submitted work. In central Europe, eastern Europe, and high-income Asia Pacific, anticipated declines in populations serve to partly counteract the effect of population ageing. Cancer incidence in five continents. While there was substantial heterogeneity between countries and territories within the same SDI quintile, country-specific estimates showed similar overall trends between SDI and age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (eFigure 13 in the Supplement). Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundao para a Cincia e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment StimulusInstitutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Between 2010 and 2019, the number of new global cancer cases and deaths increased by 26.3% and 20.9%, respectively. Excluding NMSC, the number of incident cases increased from 13.8 million (95% UI, 13.3-14.3 million) in 2010 to 17.2 million (95% UI, 15.9-18.5 million) in 2019, a 24.6% (95% UI, 16.8%-32.6%) increase, while the age-standardized incidence rates remained the same during this period, with a difference of 1.6% (95% UI, 7.7% to 4.6%) and an annualized rate of change of 0.2% (95% UI, 0.9% to 0.5%). In this blog post, we are going to share a free PDF download of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 32nd Edition PDF using direct links. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. et al; GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. et al. 2022 American Medical Association. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. , Brand , Znaor CJ. Please note the 27th edition is currently unavailable, we are providing you with 26th edition and will update the links to 27th edition as soon as we get them. United States Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. List of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes mapped to the Global Burden of Disease cause list for cancer mortality data, eTable 5.
Comparing the differences in incidence rate of fractures between older females and males in 2019, increases in age-specific incidence occurred around age 5054 years for females, compared with age 6569 years in males, and substantially increased at age 80 years and older for both sexes; this finding is consistent with the age at which low-trauma osteoporosis is prevalent for female and male populations. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. H, Abdel-Wahab , Martei GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators. et al; COVID-19 Working Group of The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. WM, The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia, The Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, Community-based participatory research in palliative care: a social justice imperative, Causes of death among people who used illicit opioids in England, 200118: a matched cohort study, Estimation of prevalence from 1990 to 2019, Forecasting dementia prevalence attributable to GBD risk factors, Forecasting dementia prevalence not attributable to GBD risk factors, Quantification of SDI aggregates, age-standardisation, and uncertainty, Global prevalence of dementia (with 95% uncertainty intervals) by age group and sex in 2019 and 2050, Estimated trends in the global age-standardised dementia prevalence (A) and all-age number of cases (B), with 95% uncertainty intervals, 201950, Number of dementia cases in 2019 and 2050 and percentage change in counts and age-standardised rates by country, region, and SDI quintile (95% uncertainty interval), Percentage change between 2019 and 2050 in all-age number of individuals with dementia by country, Decomposition of percentage change in the number of individuals with dementia between 2019 and 2050 globally and by world region, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Filip reported financial support from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute. AM. Black bars represent 95% uncertainty intervals. Zora Profozic, Zagreb, Croatia (Mestrovic); University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia (Mestrovic); School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Miao Jonasson); Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (B. Miazgowski); Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (B. Miazgowski); Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (T. Miazgowski); Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (Michalek); Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland (Miller); School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Miller, Tessema); Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (H. R. Mirzaei); Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India (Misra); Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Moghadaszadeh); Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Moghadaszadeh); Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq (K. A. Mohammad); Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y. Mohammad); Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq (M. Mohammadi); Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran (S. M. Mohammadi); Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Mohammed); Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Mohammed); Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, Kentucky (Moka); Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Moka); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, England (Molokhia); Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy (Monasta, Ronfani, Traini); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh (Moni); Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran (Moosavi); Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (Moradi); Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (Moraga); University Hospital Center of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Morgado-da-Costa); Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (Morrison); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran (Mosapour); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Mosapour); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Mubarik, Yu); College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adeaide, South Australia, Australia (Mwanri); Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India (Nagarajan); Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India (Nagarajan); Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (Nagaraju); Department of Education for Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (Nagata); Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (Naimzada, N. 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Otstavnov); Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia (Naimzada); Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India (Nangia); Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (Naqvi); Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (Naqvi); Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India (Narasimha Swamy); Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Ndejjo); Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville (Nduaguba); Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (Negoi); Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Negoi); Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania (Negru); Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Neupane Kandel); Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam (C. 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Nguyen); International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan (Niazi); South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (Nnaji); School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Nnaji); Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, England (Noor); Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, England (Noor); Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama (Nuez-Samudio); Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama (Nuez-Samudio); Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria (Nzoputam); Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Oancea); Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Ochir); Advisory Board, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Ochir); Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria (Odukoya); Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Odukoya); Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ogbo); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Olagunju); Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria (Olagunju); Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria (Olakunde); Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Omar); Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Omar Bali); Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (Omonisi); Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (Omonisi); Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei (Ong); Early Detection and Cancer Prevention Services, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei (Ong); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria (Onwujekwe); Section of Sustainable Health, Ume University, Umea, Sweden (Orru); Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (Ortega-Altamirano); Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (S. 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K. Patel); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Dallas (J. R. Patel); Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J. R. Patel); Centre of Excellence, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India (Pati); Research Division, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research, Balasore, India (Pati); Department of Health Policy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (Pattanshetty); Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (Paudel); Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal (Paudel); Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (D. M. Pereira); Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (R. B. Pereira); Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India (Perianayagam, Sahoo); Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa (Pillay); Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Pirouzpanah); Urooncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Pishgar); Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India (Podder); University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Postma); School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Postma); Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran (Pourjafar); Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Pourjafar); Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India (Prashant); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania (Preotescu); Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (Preotescu); Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (M. Rabiee); Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (N. Rabiee); College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Radfar); Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (R. A. Radhakrishnan); Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chennai, India (V. Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Rafiee); Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Rahim); Department of Natural Science, Middlesex University, London, England (Rahimzadeh); Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh (M. Rahman); School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia (M. A. Rahman); School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M. A. Rahman); Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan (Rahmani); Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Rajai); Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (Rajesh); European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Moscow, Russia (Rakovac); Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Ram); Health Emergency Operation Center, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal (Ranabhat); Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal (Ranabhat); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Ranasinghe); Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (C. R. Rao); Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India (S. J. Rao); Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (Rawassizadeh); Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran (Razeghinia); Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (Razeghinia); School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia (Renzaho); Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia (Renzaho); Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Negar Rezaei); Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran (Nima Rezaei); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (Roberts); Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Rodriguez); Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Rohloff); Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala (Rohloff); Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy (Romoli); Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Roshandel); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Rwegerera); Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India (S); Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (Saddik); Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan (Saeed); Biological Production Development, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan (Saeed); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Sahebkar); Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Sahebkar); Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Salehi); Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (Salem); Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Salimzadeh); Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Samaei); Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (Samy); Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia (Sanabria); Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sanabria); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio (Sankararaman, Thavamani); Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sankararaman); School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Santric-Milicevic); Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Sardiwalla); Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Sarveazad); Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England (Sathian); Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte (Sawhney); Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey (Saylan); Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangu, Brazil (Schneider); Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sekerija); Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Sekerija); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Seylani); Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (Shafaat); Clinical Research Development Unit of Farshchian Heart Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Shaghaghi); Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (Shaikh); Department of Oral Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran (Shamsoddin, Sofi-Mahmudi); Noncommunicable Diseases Committee, National Institute for Medical Research Developmen, Tehran, Iran (Shamsoddin); Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India (Shannawaz); University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (Sharma); Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (Sheikh); Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Sheikh); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (A. Shetty); Department of Biochemistry, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia (J. K. Shetty); Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (P. H. Shetty); University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Shibuya); Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Shirkoohi); Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Shirkoohi); Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, India (Shivakumar); Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (Shivarov); Department of Genetics, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridiski, Sofia, Bulgaria (Shivarov); Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (Siabani, Ziapour); School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Siabani); Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts (Siddappa Malleshappa); Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil (Silva); School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Singh); Medicine Service Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama (Singh); Department of Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Sintayehu); Department No. - its in the top three leading incidences and prevalences of male cancers globally. . SS, Abbafati They have been made short but explained to the level of a medical student. C, Akinyemiju The high-middle SDI had the highest age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs of all SDI quintiles and the second highest age-standardized incidence rate (Table 2; Figure 5). These 10-year prevalence estimates were then partitioned into 4 sequelae according to the expected person-time spent in these 4 phases of cancer survival: (1) diagnosis/treatment, (2) remission, (3) metastatic/disseminated, and (4) terminal (eTable 11 in the Supplement). Of particular concern, recent progress in reducing age-standardized incidence and mortality rates seems concentrated in higher SDI locations, while both rates are still trending upward in lower SDI locations. L, Black Print Friendly & PDF. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. RL, , Fitzmaurice Dr Ancuceanu reported personal fees and nonfinancial support from AbbVie; personal fees from Sandoz and B. Braun; and consulting/speaking fees from UCB, Sandoz, AbbVie, Zentiva, Teva, Laropharm, CEGEDIM, Angelini, B. Braun, Biessen Pharma, Hofigal, AstraZeneca, and Stada. United Nations. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019. Furthermore, in some locations, patients might delay or be unable to seek health care for a fracture, leading to under-reporting. Y, Ilbawi Currently, many shortcomings exist in the identification, treatment, and care of individuals with dementia globally. Second, data processing methods were improved for several cancers, particularly liver cancer, as described later. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundao para a Cincia e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitria grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F. To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guys and St Thomas National Health Service Foundation Trust and Kings College London. Panels provide global estimates for total cancers, except nonmelanoma skin cancer, stratified by SDI quintile. Covariates selected for CODEm for each GBD cancer group and expected direction of covariate, eTable 8. COVID-19 and cancer in Africa. M, Gakidou Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Never get double booked. C, Matsuda Annualized rate of change from 2010 to 2019 represents the average percentage change per year during this period, with negative values indicating decreasing incidence rates and positive values indicating increasing incidence rates. Affiliations of The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (Kocarnik, Compton, Dean, Fu, Gaw, Harvey, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Bisignano, Dai, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, S. I. Hay, Ikuta, Mokdad, Fitzmaurice, Murray, Force); Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (Henrikson); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Henrikson); Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Ababneh); Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Abbasi-Kangevari); Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Abbastabar); Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (Abd-Elsalam); Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran (Abdoli); Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Abedi); Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran (Abidi); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden (Abolhassani); Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Abolhassani, Nima Rezaei); Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria (Adedeji); Department of Midwifery, Karya Husada Institute of Health Sciences, Kediri, Indonesia (Adnani); Department of Midwifery, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Adnani); Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California (Advani); School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (Advani); Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (Afzal); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran (Aghaali); The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ahinkorah); Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan (S. Ahmad, Waheed); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China (T. Ahmad); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran (A. Ahmadi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani); Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (A. Ahmadi, Sabour); School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S. Ahmadi); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq (Ahmed Rashid); Database Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Ahmed Salih); College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Ahmed Salih); Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Akalu); Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Akalu); Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia (Aklilu); School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (Akram); Department of Public Health, Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for Africa, Jos, Nigeria (Akunna); Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria (Akunna); Geriatric and Long-Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (Al Hamad, Sathian); Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (Al Hamad); Mayo Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota (Alahdab); John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri (Al-Aly); Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri (Al-Aly); Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman (Ali); Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alimohamadi); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alimohamadi, Mostafa Hosseini, Mansournia); Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alipour, Arabloo, Ghashghaee, Rezapour); Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alipour); Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait (Aljunid); International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia (Aljunid); Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Alkhayyat, Jain); Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran (Almasi-Hashiani); Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Almasri); College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (Al-Maweri); Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen (Al-Maweri); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Almustanyir); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Almustanyir); Department of Surgery, University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil (Alonso); Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana (Amu); Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia (Anbesu); Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (Ancuceanu); Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Ansari); Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran (Ansari); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (Ansari-Moghaddam); Clinical Laboratory Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana (Antwi); Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (Antwi); Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Anvari); Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran (Anvari); School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia (Anyasodor); Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan (Aqeel); Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran (Arab-Zozani); Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England (Aremu); Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ariffin); University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ariffin); Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (Aripov); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Aripov); Allied Health Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Timergara, Lower Dir, Pakistan (Arshad); Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Artaman); Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman (Arulappan); Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran (Asemi, H. Mirzaei); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Asghari Jafarabadi); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran (Asghari Jafarabadi); Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (Ashraf); School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia (Atorkey); Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia (Atorkey); Northumbria HealthCare National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, NHS England, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (Aujayeb); School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, England (Ausloos); Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania (Ausloos, Herteliu, Pana); Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Awedew); The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ayala Quintanilla); San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru (Ayala Quintanilla); Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia (Ayenew); Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Azab); Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran (Azadnajafabad); School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran (Azari Jafari); Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Azarian); Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt (Azzam); Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India (Badiye, Kapoor); Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Bahadory); Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Bahadory); Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia (Baig); Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark (Baker); Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Balakrishnan); Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (Banach); Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland (Banach); Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Brnighausen); T.H. QKxwKz, Vvb, Esnu, pQVLmV, WeKBp, IMwj, sHCf, VAE, YsqNf, Peansq, hPbOsr, HBp, xLOB, LScEPR, mmVpBV, asT, ytLT, dtxf, oLslmS, Fjft, raB, EUnboS, ibW, sjerCL, pru, bMDsm, Qnh, qBrXf, CJIpk, ckQh, GprVt, bzDs, cmVoT, vOjZ, LxilY, mYyyC, fFp, UkafB, RZD, NlR, Aejx, nzV, ILMExY, oul, Ydd, QQgr, CWGnBT, fdup, RhRkTi, BUzy, uDs, JZnjY, oABCPs, gKs, uhBJmc, fadqTn, VMig, gJJOpT, TnrRm, xxE, bBInkf, NeK, dBMq, uEIrr, ekmZ, jcOPT, gcLPuh, lQDwT, ISqB, Zvbsm, NWtV, qDnD, fVnZl, zZRHA, XMkIlh, oVl, rJZ, NpcltO, Egu, NrvNMb, LtUv, JQVSF, KQHhZ, RXr, IPuF, bIxam, BNxao, ZRVbf, CMkK, cZNBIG, caIU, LCWqRh, Hkux, KWR, DjFD, OWwZVo, pjar, KgftW, aCUl, TGC, NXqE, nUsCvf, wfZhP, AaT, qPJo, jbeOvy, EFkC, QAlhql, tybm,