Yang et al. 43, 63266333 (2009). Keywords: Cox, C.D. a Schematic of an AACE remediation system. ; Gong, X.M. ; Chen, Z.L. Bioremediation is an effective method of treating heavy metal polluted soils. According to a previous study, a low percentage of water-soluble fraction metals exist in the soil. Destroy soil structure and cause soil nutrient loss. In general, in-situ soil remediation is more cost-effective than ex-situ treatment, and contaminant removal/extraction is more favorable than immobilization and containment. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Epub 2006 Apr 5. 2011; EDTA anions will lose their affinity for these charge-neutral particles and be repelled by the negative bias. Total Environ. No special In step III, the bias is reversed to 10V, electrochemically reducing heavy metal cations to zero-valent particles. 475, 142152 (2014). Li, Q.; Li, Y.L. Bin, G.; Cao, X.; Dong, Y.; Luo, Y.; Ma, L.Q. Shukla, M.; Baksi, B.; Mohanty, S.P. Biodegradable, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The heavy metal species extracted by the AACE method and the DC method were further characterized and compared with each other to investigate the remediation mechanism. http://www.wmc.org.pl/?q=node/49/ (International Organizing Committee for the World Mining Congress, 2018). Various technologies have been effectively developed to improve the metal removal efficiency of contaminated soil by electrochemical treatment alone or in combination with other remediation technologies. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination in the food chain was found to have a deleterious effect on the health of local residents. Qiao, H.T. Careers. If a DC voltage were applied, the negative charge of MEDTA2 would reject the negative electrode due to Coulomb repulsion, with limited heavy metal cations electrodeposited and a great energy loss in water splitting. Lestan, D., Luo, C. L. & Li, X. D. The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: a review. Environ. Fig. Status of stabilization technology application for treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soils. After washing with CA/Tween 80, Tween 80/CA, and mix washing, the removal efficiencies for Cu were up to 85.7%, 78.1%, and 84.4%, they were higher than washing with single Tween 80 or CA (0.1% or 76.7%). Gao, J.B.; Zhao, J.; Dong, C.X. ; Tsang, D.C.; Olds, W.E. Treatability studies are crucial to selecting feasible techniques for a soil remediation project, with considerations of the type and degree of contamination, remediation goals, site characteristics, cost effectiveness, implementation time, and public acceptability. ; Zhao, B.W. Pb removal rate reached 6473%, respectively, with the R-R-R, R-R-S, R-S-R and R-S-S triple sequential washing. ; Chen, J.; Lu, X.H. This accounted for the large standard deviation of the DC filtration efficiency in Fig. ; Li, Z.M. Ahn, C.K. Introduction All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2012;184(4):226173. Moreover, these precipitations were loosely attached on the electrode and would be washed off after accumulation to some extent (Supplementary Fig. Heavy-metal (loid)s-contaminated runoff from mining and industry can enter waterways and reach agricultural land. ; Li, C.P. Cannabis is a plant genus that consists of three different species (Cannabis sativa, indica and ruderalis) and all of these are known to accumulate heavy metals in different parts of the plant (roots, leaves, seeds etc. [Recent advance in solidification/stabilization technology for the remediation of heavy metals-contaminated soil]. ; Yusoff, I.; Sen Gupta, B. analysed the data and co-wrote the paper. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The following abbreviations were used in this manuscript: Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. ; Zhang, S.R. Error bars, means.d. After mixture agent washing, removal rates of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu were 28%, 53%, 41%, and 21%, respectively. Compared with conventional soil washing method using fresh EDTA solution, the AACE method produced no secondary pollution, and no obvious soil degradation was observed after the treatment. ; Liu, X.Y. In each cycle, the same EDTA solution was used to wash a contaminated soil sample followed by the AACE filtration, and the extraction ability of the EDTA solution was examined by the mass of Cu extracted from the soil. Figure2d shows that the ability of the AACE filter to recover heavy metals from washing effluent (defined as filtration efficiency) can be promoted by allowing a slower soil washing flow rate. Wu, H.; Li, C.Z. Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr) washing from river sediment using biosurfactant rhamnolipid. Plant Soil 2003, 249, 139-156. ; Li, L.; Guo, Q.Q. Simultaneous Desorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils by Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants. ; Smith, F.A. Khalid, S.; Shahid, M.; Niazi, N.K. ; Wu, X.Y. In this work, we show a remediation method composed of a recirculating soil washing system and an electrochemical filtration device, which achieves high degrees of heavy metal removal from contaminated soil under a range of different concentrations. ; Deng, Y.J. A Review of Remediation of Chromium Contaminated Soil by Washing with Chelants. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. Chen, D.; Shi, Q.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Qian, S. Chelating agent and rhamnolipid leaching cd in contaminated soil. ; Gui, S.L. Among the available soil remediation techniques, electrokinetic extraction, chemical stabilization, and phytoremediation are at the development stage, while the others have been practiced at full, field scales. Wang, N.; Zhu, L.; Deng, K.; She, Y.; Yu, Y.; Tang, H. Visible light photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) on TiO. Chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu) are classified as heavy metals (HMs). Cao, M.H. Remediation of arseniccationic metals from smelter contaminated soil by washings of Na2EDTA and phosphoric acid: Removal efficiencies and mineral transformation. Flow rate, 0.1mlmin1. The site is secure. PMC Precipitation, adsorption and rhizosphere effect: The mechanisms for phosphate-induced Pb immobilization in soilsA review. In step III, a bias of 10V applied, heavy metal cations are electrochemically reduced to zero-valent particles. [] and transmitted securely. All other heavy metals accumulate and remain until a remediation process is completed at the site. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The soil used in this study was collected from the ODonohue Family Stanford Educational Farm. 9b shows that all the Cu particles were recovered after elution and no damage was observed to the Ami-PC electrode. Existing worm population was estimated via sampling, then the soil supplemented with beneficial bacteria, compost and a proprietary earthworm growth accelerator. PMC Scale bar, 5m. Common additives include inorganic acid/base/salts, surfactants, and chelators. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Salati, S.; Papa, G.; Adani, F. Perspective on the use of humic acids from biomass as natural surfactants for industrial applications. Humic substances as a washing agent for Cd-contaminated soils. Cheng, S.L. After washing with biosurfactantHCl, removal rates of Cu, Pb, and Zn were 75%, 75%, and 85%, respectively, and 44%, 22%, 45% removal rates for washing with biosurfactant-NaOH. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. ; Deng, S.G. 2018 Aug 15;633:206-219. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.161. eCollection 2022. Therefore, the AACE method successfully recovered the heavy metal cations to the zero-valent particles attached on the electrode. CAS Google Scholar This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Careers. As a further study performed on the same site, Jiangying and his coworkers investigated on the remediation of contaminated soils in southeast U.K. by comparing traditional S/S and accelerated-carbonated S/S process. 2022 Oct 31;12(11):1049. doi: 10.3390/metabo12111049. Availability and assessment of fixing additives for the in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: a review. Feasibility of a combined solubilization and eluent drainage system to remove Cd and Cu from agricultural soil. Contaminated soil is excavated from the contaminated area and mixed with washing agents in specific equipment for washing. The ultimate flow rate should be determined according to different contamination conditions: a too-high flow rate yields a poor filtration efficiency and a large amount of heavy metals remain in the recycled EDTA solution, while a too-low flow rate makes the remediation process slow and leads to more side reactions, hence wastes electricity energy. While low water solubility is grasped by HMs in soil, to improve the HMs' removal rate, additives are always added into an eluent to mobilize metals. ; Singh, S.K. 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Long-term performance and plant assay. C.L. Amundson, R. et al. The removal rates of Cu, Cd, and Zn were 96%, 98%, and 100%, respectively. & Lestan, D. Effect of EDTA washing of metal polluted garden soils. Moreover, both washing with a mixture agent and sequential washing have often been adopted to improve the overall capacity of the washing agent for decontamination. Di Palma, L., Ferrantelli, P., Merli, C. & Biancifiori, F. Recovery of EDTA and metal precipitation from soil flushing solutions. The soil is excavated from contaminated sites to a treatment cylinder, with two ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution reservoir tanks attached on each side. Dolan, A.; Atkin, R.; Warr, G.G. (n=3). ; Li, H.Y. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. R, rhamnolipids). Feature ; Xin, Y.; Liu, K.; Zhang, E.Z. In-situ, contaminant removal/extraction remediation techniques are more favorable. These HMs, enriched in soil and exceeding the background content value, will lead to soil HMs contamination [, Soil HMs mainly include physical, chemical, and biological remediation. Remediation of chromium contaminated soil by soil washing using EDTA and N-acetyl-L-cysteine as the chelating agents. Using fresh EDTA to wash the contaminated soil caused stunted growth of the pea sprouts. ; Ok, Y.S. Google Scholar. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: Pollution and risk assessment. ; Lo, I.M. Comprehensive assessment indicates that chemical stabilization serves as a temporary soil remediation technique, phytoremediation needs improvement in efficiency, surface capping and landfilling are applicable to small, serious-contamination sites, while solidification and vitrification are the last remediation option. During the soil washing process, some soil nutrient cations, such as calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), can also be extracted and form chelation complex (NEDTA2) like heavy metals. Yang, Q.; Li, Z.; Lu, X.; Duan, Q.; Huang, L.; Bi, J. Soil contamination by heavy metals constitutes an important environmental problem, whereas field applicability of existing remediation technologies has encountered numerous obstacles, such as long operation time, high chemical cost, large energy consumption, secondary pollution, and soil degradation. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Resuspension of sediment, a new approach for remediation of contaminated sediment. The remediation principle of the solidification stabilization method is mainly through the chemical reaction between the solidifying agent and the soil system, so that the heavy metal. Green region represents the CHHSL for residential scenario. ; Zhang, Z.Q. After six cycles of soil washing (3h at a soil washing flow rate of 0.2mlmin1), the morphologies of the heavy metal species on the Ami-PC electrode were characterized by SEM (Fig. -. These substances can desorb or dissolve HMs from the surface of soil particles. ; Liang, F.; Guo, Z.H. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Sigma-Aldrich, molecular weight ~150,000), Super P carbon black (Alfa Aesar, 99%) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Fisher Chemical, 99.9%) were mixed with a mass ratio of 1:1:30 and stirred overnight to form a uniform slurry. ac Comparison between the AACE remediation and two other methods on treating three soil samples spiked with 10,000ppm Cu (a), 1000ppm Pb (b), and 100ppm Cd (c), respectively. Peng, C., Almeira, J. Assessment of Zeolite, Biochar, and Their Combination for Stabilization of Multimetal-Contaminated Soil. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Decreased the percentage of Pb and Zn, respectively, from 52.1 to 22.8% and from 61.8 to 19.2% in the mobile fractions. Ruhl, L. et al. Article The Ami-PC electrode was fabricated by coating a carbon felt with a precursor slurry of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and activated carbon, followed by a hydrothermal reaction to substitute the nitrile functional groups in PAN with amidoxime functional groups24 (Supplementary Fig. Proc. [, Additionally, the commonly used single washing agent has limitations in the case of the simultaneous existence of As and other HMs. Colloid deposition and release in soils and their association with heavy metals. For nutrient metal ions (Na+, Mg2+, etc. The heavy metal concentrations in these three soil samples during remediation treatments are shown in Fig. Xu, J., Liu, C., Hsu, PC. 8 show polycrystalline particles with the lattice spacing about 2.6, 3.5, and 2.8, which correspond to (110) plane of Cu, (110) plane of Pb, and (002) plane of Cd, respectively. ; Xiao, Y.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, J.Q. and H.P. D9 lipopeptide biosurfactant. An electrochemical filtration device composed of two Ami-PC electrodes with a tissue paper between as a separator was put at the end of the plastic tube and connected to a power supply. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of heavy metal contaminated soils remediation using three types of BESs, including modified BP-C-MEDC, MEDCC (BP-A-C-MEDC), and conventional MEDC (A-C-MEDC), and optimize the treatment performance at different S/L ratios. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Qiao, J.B.; Sun, H.M.; Luo, X.H. The levels of copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in . PubMedGoogle Scholar. In the first treatment cycle, 8ml of 30mM EDTA disodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, 98.5101.5%) solution was infused by a syringe pump to wash through the soil column and then filtrated by the AACE filter (Supplementary Fig. ; Yun, H.; Tu, C.; Li, L.Z. Hu, X.X. Soil washing technology would produce a large amount of eluent, which may cause secondary pollution if the eluent is not treated effectively. Qu, J.; Luo, C.Q. Agent Aagent B, the mixture of Agent A and agent B is used as a washing agent. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.113 Cui, F.; Yuan, B. The potential of genetic engineering of plants for the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Makino, T.; Kamiya, T.; Takano, H.; Itou, T.; Sekiya, N.; Sasaki, K.; Maejima, Y. Remediation of cadmium-contaminated paddy soils by washing with calcium chloride: Verification of on-site washing. Soil salinity and heavy metal (HM) pollution of soil is an ongoing threat to the plants' survival that adversely affect the crop productivity and global food security. DC, using a 10V DC for the electrochemical filtration. Yang, S.; Li, Y.; Liu, G.-M.; Si, S.-C.; Zhu, X.; Tu, C.; Li, -Z.; Luo, Y.-M. Sequential washing and eluent regeneration with agricultural waste extracts and residues for facile remediation of meta-contaminated agricultural soils. Gustaffson, J. P. Visual MINTEQ, ver. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. In the following treatment cycles, the rest 6ml of the EDTA solution was circulated by a peristaltic pump to wash through the soil column and the AACE filter repeatedly (Supplementary Fig. Phyto-remediation is used for on-site removal of contaminants from the soil, and is most applicable for places with low-depth contaminations, or with organic and metal contaminations (U.S. EPA, After 15 days from planting, the pea sprouts were washed with deionized water and cut into leaves, stems, and roots, which were then air-dried at 70C for 24h, weighted for dry matter yield, and ground. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The washing efficiencies of Cd and Cu were significantly increased by using two-stage sequential washing with the sequence of CA/DOC. 41, 935-944 (2003). seeds under subcritical water conditions. Technically, chelators can be divided into two categories: synthetic chelators and low-molecular-weight organic acids, Chelators are a class of compounds with lone electron pairs available for coordination, and they can form complexes with metal ions through coordination bonds. Boxplots represent median, 25th and 75th percentile. Remediation of metal-contaminated paddy soils by chemical washing with FeCl3 and citric acid. ; Afsar, A.; Laventine, D.M. In step II, a bias of 5V applied, an electrical double layer is established on the surface of the Ami-PC electrode, with anions in the inner layer. ; Weber, P.A. ; Tsang, D.C.; Ng, K.T. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Environ. ; Yuan, G.D. Humic nanoparticles for remediation of Cd- contaminated soils. ; Zhang, X.Y. Wu, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Chen, M.; Sun, Y.; Ye, P. Experimental study on remediation of low permeability Cu-Zn contaminated clay by vacuum enhanced leaching combined with EDTA and hydrochloric acid. Human exposure pathways of heavy metals in a lead-zinc mining area, Jiangsu Province, China. Inhibitory effect of sophorolipid on Candida albicans biofilm formation and hyphal growth. The coated carbon felt pieces were put into a 25ml water bath; 80mgml1 hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) and 60mgml1 sodium carbonate (Fisher Chemical, 99.5%) were added. The efficacy of chelators in metal extraction is usually assessed by the stability constant (Ks) of the chelatorsmetal complexes [, Aminopolycarboxylates, are category compounds with coordination groups (hydroxyl and amino). Strong peaks of Cu, Pb, and Cd can be found for the AACE case, while the DC method accumulated a large amount of Ca element on the electrode. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Phosphoric acid, OA, and EDTA_2Na with different sequence order. Science 272, 223224 (1996). Tsang, D.C.W. Despite high efficiency, majority of these techniques are costly, environmentally-destructive and time consuming. Contaminated soils; Coupled technologies; Electrochemical treatment; Electrokinetic components. ; Wang, X.L. ).Due to this ability cannabis has been used for the remediation of contaminated soil (phytoremediation and phytoextraction). The paper does not provide any technique in detail but instead poses an overview of soil washing as a promising alternative for HM-contaminated soils and its selected washing agent strategy. Sci Total Environ. This study was done to evaluate the risk of heavy metals pollution of soils within the vicinities of refuse dumpsites in Calabar south, LGA. Damian, G.E. ; Kim, Y.M. At the same time, some soil has a high acid buffering ability, which may lead to a lower removal rate for acid solutions, particularly for low concentration acid solutions. Energy 2, 17007 (2017). Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The combined use of EDDS-EDTA reached equivalent extraction efficiency of the target metals as EDTA, while, compared to EDTA washing alone, 50% dosage of EDTA was reduced, and with lead less risk. ; Zhang, W.H. . 2022 Oct 28;13:994785. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994785. - "Application of Green Surfactants in the Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Hydrocarbons" A critical analysis of sources, pollution, and remediation of selenium, an emerging contaminant. 2 a and b shows the concentrations of total and bioavailable Cu and Zn at different time. ; Luo, H.Y. An official website of the United States government. The removal rates of Cu and Hg were 67% and 57%, respectively. Song P, Xu D, Yue J, Ma Y, Dong S, Feng J. Sci Total Environ. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies eCollection 2022. For ; Wang, H.F.; Xu, J. The cost and duration of soil remediation are technique-dependent and site-specific, up to $500ton-1 soil (or $1500m-3 soil or $100m-2 land) and 15years. Ao, Z.; Xiong, J.; Wang, S.; Wu, Y.M. Commonly used aminopolycarboxylate chelates for soil washing in a field scale include EDTA, EDDS, and GLDA. Treatments of NMs significantly exhibited increases in fresh weight, pods, and seeds, compared to the control. ; writingreview and editing, X.-J.Z. 10.1007/s00128-016-1857-9 Online ahead of print. 8600 Rockville Pike Hazard. eScholarship, California Digital Library, University of California, Duan Q, Lee J, Liu Y, Chen H, Hu H. Distribution of heavy metal pollution in surface soil samples in China: a graphical review. Rapid development in India has lead to pollution around industrial facilities. the contaminated soil, absorbing the volatile contaminants, and carrying them with it out of the soils (Rister-Roberts, 1998; Anderson, 1994). This remediation method is based on a key concept of asymmetrical alternating current electrochemistry (AACE) to be explained later, which enables recycling of soil washing chemicals and eliminates secondary pollution. Sci Total Environ 468:843-853 Li Z, Wu L, Sun S, Gao J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wang Z (2019b) ; Gusiatin, Z.M. The .gov means its official. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) integrated phytotechnology: A sustainable approach for remediation of marginal lands. Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Chrzanowski, L.; Dziadas, M.; Lawniczak, L.; Cyplik, P.; Bialas, W.; Szulc, A.; Lisiecki, P.; Jelen, H. Biodegradation of rhamnolipids in liquid cultures: Effect of biosurfactant dissipation on diesel fuel/B20 blend biodegradation efficiency and bacterial community composition. A synthetically contaminated soil sample spiked with an equivalent quantity of Cu, Pb, and Cd (1000ppm each) was prepared for the investigation. DMR 1121053; a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network (. The structure characteristics of synthesized humic acids were controlled. Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals. The methods landfilling, soil washing, and solidification are well established. Paria, S. Surfactant-enhanced remediation of organic contaminated soil and water. and Y.C. ; Shang, Y.J. ; Yang, J.-S.; Baek, K. Extraction mechanism of lead from shooting range soil by ferric salts. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Commun. Nat. Tan, S.L. Chen, Y.; Zhang, S.R. Traditionally, HAs are not exactly surfactants. ; Thai, P.K. ; Woo, S.H. Introduction. For the in situ soil washing technology, the blank seepage area caused by the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the soil structure should be considered in practical application. Epub 2016 Feb 12. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. The soil texture (the relative distribution of sand, silt, and clay) was determined using a standard hydrometer method. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Before For the ectopic soil washing technology, the transformation of research results should be strengthened in practical application, the washing efficiency should be improved, and the leaching equipment with low cost and broad applicability should be developed. These washing agents could suppress the adsorption of metals onto soil particles, and then the metals could be extracted by washing agents. Conventional techniques to remediate heavy metal (loid)s from contaminated soils are based on physical, chemical and biological methods ( Fig. Heavy metals in soil resulting from anthropogenic activities is one of the most critical issues, particularly given a large number of widespread poisoning incidents5,6,7,8. Saud S, Wang D, Fahad S, Javed T, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Ghareeb RY. ), they can also be washed out by the EDTA solution. ; Esposito, G. Enhanced phytoremediation: A review of low molecular weight organic acids and surfactants used as amendments. Maximum removal rates were obtained as 87%, 71% and 70% for Ni, Cr, and V, respectively. 2016; Lwin et al. Remediation of multiple heavy metal-contaminated soil through the combination of soil washing and in situ immobilization. In each pot, coir was mixed into the treated soil with a mass ratio of 1:9 to improve drainage. 2011 Mar;22(3):816-24. In total, 1.2ml of the solution was retained by the soil column to make it saturated, because the packed soil column has a porosity of 51%. Enhanced desorption of PCB and trace metal elements (Pb and Cu) from contaminated soils by saponin and EDDS mixed solution. e Concentration of Mg in soil under three different treatment methods. The filtration efficiency and the mass of Cu washed out in each cycle were examined. ; Yang, Z.; Li, X.; Tang, Z.; Yang, S.; Zhang, Y.Y. ; Diao, J.R.; Huang, L.P.; Zhong, J.K.; Ma, F.F. Front Plant Sci. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Fresh EDTA, using fresh EDTA solution to wash the spiked soil without recirculation. 1 ), which may be used in combination with one another to remediate contaminated sites. Epub 2022 Jan 31. Health 27, 501511 (2005). Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly After the AACE filtration, heavy metal cations are liberated from their chelation complex and electrodeposited to metallic states on the working electrode, and the EDTA solution is recycled for repeated use. The organic carbon content was measured by the WalkleyBlack method. Zhao, B.W. Soil and human security in the 21st century. 468, 843853 (2014). Specifically, liquids are mixed with soil and remove HMs with a mechanical process. Cd accumulation in the root was not observed for the treated soil, because the residue Cd in the soil has very low bioavailability, considering that the EDTA solution cannot even leach it out. O. Abioye; Environmental Science. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Environ. The removal rates were 71%, 80%, 80%, and 71% for As, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Remediation performance of the AACE method. ; Pereira, A.G.; Neves, B.C. The magnified SEM image in Supplementary Fig. The chelation sites of amidoxime will compete with EDTA to bind heavy metal cations thus stabilize the MEDTA2 on the electrode surface. Nature 490, 254257 (2012). 2ac. ; Zhang, H.Y. J.X. ; Bolan, N.S. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. c The waveform of the applied bias and the physical process in the AACE filtration. 153, 313 (2008). ; Li, S.J. TEM grids were then promptly dipped in the suspensions and allowed to dry. Combined application of EDDS and EDTA for removal of potentially toxic elements under multiple soil washing schemes. The use of otation techniques in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sediments and soils: an overview of controlling factors M. Vanthuyne, A. Maes *, P. Cauwenberg Laboratory of Colloidchemistry, Katholique University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Received 15 May 2003; accepted 30 June 2003 Sci. In the AACE method, there are many micrometer-sized heavy metal particles attached onto the Ami-PC electrode. government site. Survey of the potential environmental and health impacts in the immediate aftermath of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee. ; Liu, R.K.; Zhang, A.H.; Xiao, Z.H. Carousel with three slides shown at a time. After the spiking process, the contaminated soil samples were air-dried and aged for 1 month at 80C, in order to simulate practical polluted soil by decreasing the solubility and mobility of the heavy metals (Supplementary Fig. Mukhopadhyay, S.; Hashim, M.A. 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.11.025. K.L. To check this hypothesis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to determine the chemical state of the heavy metal species extracted by the DC method and the AACE method (Fig. Ding, N.; Xu, B.; Peng, C.; Wu, R.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, J. In the Cd positive control (soil spiked with 100ppm Cd), most of the Cd accumulated in the root, with the median of Cd concentrations in roots, shoots, and leaves to be 210, 35, and 11ppm, respectively. ; Jiao, W.T. ; Harwood, L.M. A range of technologies is available for remediation of metals-contaminated soil and groundwater at Superfund sites. To demonstrate the capability of the AACE method to treat mixed contamination, a soil sample simultaneously spiked with 10,000ppm Cu, 1000ppm Pb, and 100ppm Cd was prepared. High economic cost and secondary pollution. ; Gong, G.S. 2022. August 2009; Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 39(8) ; Tsang, D.C.W. The soil was then air-dried at 70C, and passed through a 2-mm sieve to remove coarse fragments. The AACE method successfully reduced the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd in the contaminated soil samples to below their California Human Health Screening Levels (CHHSL)28 for residential scenario, which is similar compared with using fresh EDTA solution to wash the spiked soils. Chen, W.; Qu, Y.; Xu, Z.; He, F.; Chen, Z.; Huang, S.; Li, Y. The cation exchange capacity was determined by saturating the exchangeable sites with sodium ions followed by substitution with magnesium ions. Liu, C. et al. Simmons, R. W., Pongsakul, P., Saiyasitpanich, D. & Klinphoklap, S. Elevated levels of cadmium and zinc in paddy soils and elevated levels of cadmium in rice grain downstream of a zinc mineralized area in Thailand: implications for public health. ; Rufino, R.D. ; Allen, M.; Sen Gupta, B. Arsenic removal from soil with high iron content using a natural surfactant and phosphate. However, they cannot be extracted out by the AACE filter because of their lower standard reduction potential. Sun, W.Y. Google Scholar. ; Zheng, W. Effect of soil washing with only chelators or combining with ferric chloride on soil heavy metal removal and phytoavailability: Field experiments. d AACE filtration efficiency (the percentage of the heavy metal cations electrodeposited by the AACE filter from the washing effluent) as the function of soil washing flow rate. 21767012], the Ganzhou Science and Technology Program [Grant no. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The digestives were analyzed for Cd by ICP-MS. Twenty-five equivalent soil samples were prepared by mixing 3g of 10,000ppm Cu contaminated soil with 1.2ml of 30mM EDTA disodium salt solution. Liu, Q.J. The origin of surfactant amphiphilicity and self-assembly in protic ionic liquids. 2006 Dec;144(3):918-25. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.02.001. High removal rate with low reaction time, except deionized water. a Extraction ability of the recycled EDTA solution and the AACE filtration efficiency as functions of treatment cycles. Cr slag storage site, Shijiangzhuang City, China. 2016 Jun;213:63-75. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.082. For example, Currently, the most commonly used biosurfactants include glycolipid (e.g., rhamnolipids, fructose lipids, sophorolipids), lipopeptide (e.g., surfactin, polymyxin), and glycoside (e.g., saponin) compounds [, HAs are important components of soil that have amphiphilic properties, and they could be used as biosurfactants for soil remediation. EDTA solution is recirculated to wash the contaminated soil. CAS Wei, H.; Li, Y.H. The site is secure. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013058, Zheng X-J, Li Q, Peng H, Zhang J-X, Chen W-J, Zhou B-C, Chen M. Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils with Soil Washing: A Review. Generally, HAs can be extracted from agricultural waste biomass and municipal solid wastes [, Different functional groups, such as the carboxyl group, are contained in HAs, such as acyl hydroxy, carbonyl, amine, etc., which can be complexed with metals. 6, 7765 (2015). In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques have been developed to rectify the heavy metal-contaminated sites, including surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation. Agnello, A.C.; Huguenot, D.; Van Hullebusch, E.D. Yoo, J.C.; Shin, Y.J. Copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; Xue, Y.; Cang, L.; Wang, Y.J. Same as MEDTA2, NEDTA2 has negative charges and can be adsorbed to the electrode surface in step II. Based on research achievements of biochar remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils in recent years, research status and progress in this field are reviewed from several important aspects, including production and properties of biochar, remediation mechanisms, remediation effect and affecting factors. Zhang, S.Y. ; Mercier, G.; Besner, S. Decontamination of metals, pentachlorophenol, and polychlorined dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans polluted soil in alkaline conditions using an amphoteric biosurfactant. 2022 Sep 10;838(Pt 3):156417. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156417. b EDS showing the chemical nature of the extracted particles, where strong peaks of Cu, Pb, and Cd were found. The application of soil washing for remediation at a field scale in European and American countries is relatively reliable, and it is available on a commercial scale. Shah N, Qadir M, Irshad M, Hussain A, Hamayun M, Murad W, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Metabolites. Sci. J.T. The review summarizes the recent findings about soil washing with different washing agents. 2013 Sep 15;260:676-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.027. In summary, we developed the AACE method for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, which showed a fast remediation speed and limited chemical cost. ; Jiang, J.Y. Zhao, Z.Q. ; Yang, F.; Dai, M.; Sehar, S.; Peng, C.S. Journal of Hazardous Materials. The key issue in the world is to treat heavy metal contaminated soil. However, field application of this technology is limited by the high DC voltage required to maintain a strong electric field (~100V/m) for electroosmosis21, the low ion migration speed in soil22 and the large energy losses associated with water splitting at electrodes23. ; Xiao, R.B. ; Lim, T.T. Borggaard, O.K. ADS ; Shoesmith, M.A. ; Cao, L.Y. ; Peng, C.S. Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Vicinity of Tungsten Mining Areas, Southern Jiangxi Province. ; Jiang, D.N. Pisum Sativum (pea) seeds were purchased from Window Garden LLC. Phytoremediation is an emerging natural technique used for removal of heavy metals from soil. Sep. Purif. Front Microbiol. ; Liang, S.K. Electro-enhanced leaching method for the mobilization of Cr(VI) in contaminated groundwater aquifer, Application of iron-loaded activated carbon electrodes for electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil in a three-dimensional electrode system, Decontamination of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using The Electrochemical Technique: Remediation Degree and Energy Consumption, Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review, An iron corrosion-assisted H2-supplying system: a culture method for methanogens and acetogens under low H2 pressures, The Immobilization of Soil Cadmium by the Combined Amendment of Bacteria and Hydroxyapatite, Heavy metal removal using an advanced removal method to obtain recyclable paper incineration ash, Iron nanoparticles to recover a co-contaminated soil with Cr and PCBs, A new strategy using nanoscale zero-valent iron to simultaneously promote remediation and safe crop production in contaminated soil, http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/list-standards/en/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, A green and efficient technology to recover rare earth elements from weathering crusts, Recent advances of sensing strategies for the detection of -glucuronidase activity, Synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) using different solvents for lead and cadmium adsorption, Enhanced mutualistic symbiosis between soil phages and bacteria with elevated chromium-induced environmental stress, Predicting adsorption ability of adsorbents at arbitrary sites for pollutants using deep transfer learning. . Wei, M.; Chen, J.J.; Xia, C.H. EDTA was not easily biodegradable and caused secondary pollution. He F, Gao J, Pierce E, Strong PJ, Wang H, Liang L. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. The remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soils is considered as one of the most complicated tasks. The SEM image in Supplementary Fig. and Q.L. (A) SEM micrographs of Ligand DNPs at 10,000, scale bar = 2 m and (B) at 25,000, scale bar = 1 m; (C) TEM micrographs of Ligand DNPs with scale bar = 100 nm and (D) scale bar = 20 nm. Removal of arsenic and cadmium with sequential soil washing techniques using Na(2)EDTA, oxalic and phosphoric acid: Optimization conditions, removal effectiveness and ecological risks. Zhuo, D., Cang, L., Alshawabkeh, A., Wang, Y. Soil Sediment Contam 28:380-394 Li Z, Ma Z, Kuijp T, Yuan Z, Huang L (2014) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk as-sessment. The stability of immobilized heavy metals also requires long-term monitoring18. & Abou-Shady, A. Enhancement of ion migration in porous media by the use of varying electric fields. To obtain Soil contamination by heavy metals constitutes an important environmental problem, whereas field applicability of existing remediation technologies has encountered numerous obstacles,. Informers can obtain the synergetic effect for soil washing. Alkaline HAs with high molecular weight can stabilize HMs, specifically, (1) they stabilize HMs directly by an ion exchange reaction and complexion, (2) they stabilize HMs indirectly by changing soil properties, such as soil pH, CEC, organic matter, and microorganisms, while weakly acidic HAs with low molecular weight can mobilize HMs in the soil as a surfactant. The results showed that microorganism could remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals and make the available metal components in the soil reach the safety standard. Environ. A history of global metal pollution. 1. Ding, N.; Xu, B.; Peng, C.; Shu, Q.; Yao, H. Research on Washing of Kaolinite to Remove Cadmium and Lead by Surfactants. e Comparison of XPS of the heavy metal species extracted by the AACE method and the DC method. Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. All authors commented on the paper. 2019 Sep;252(Pt A):846-855. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ; Hao, X.Z. ; Kulikowska, D. Simultaneous Multi-metal Removal from Soil with Washing Agents of Waste, Plant and Microbial Origin. A. Qasem, Ramy H. Mohammed & Dahiru U. Lawal, Souichiro Kato, Motoko Takashino, Hideyuki Tamaki, Hak-Min Kim, Tae-Yeol Choi, Dae-Woon Jeong, Nature Communications The highest flow rate providing a filtration efficiency above 90% was chosen for the corresponding treatment. Chen, M.; Ji, L.; Sun, J.; Xing, Y.L. Epub 2018 Apr 13. The working components for electrokinetic system, such as supplying power for electric fields, installing electrodes to generate electric fields, introducing electrolytes and other potential materials as a reactive medium are crucial. In contrast, the Ami-PC electrode with DC bias was covered with a uniform thick shell, showing no crystal structure. SDBS removed Zn, Cd and Zn, for 84%, 74%, and 4%, respectively. MeSH ; Yip, A.C.K. Epub 2015 Jun 25. ; Chen, H.L. The removal rates of Cd and Zn were 45.2% and 47.7%, respectively. A. The working electrodes were ultra-sonicated in 15ml water for 20min. Leaching remediation of heavy metal contaminated fluvio-aquatic soil with tea-saponin. 3a shows the morphology of the Ami-PC electrodes, with a pore size ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers and a fiber diameter of ~20m. Slizovskiy, I.B. 2d. Considering the high accumulation rate of heavy metals in the earths upper crust due to the jumping global mining production and industrial demand9,10, economical and efficient remediation of contaminated urban and agricultural land is in pressing need for a sustainable development prospect. Chelators have fewer adverse effects on soil structure and plant productivity, and more researchers have used chelators for soil washing. Lee et al. eCollection 2022. Nevertheless, the extremely long treatment time makes it only suited for remote areas, and the heavy metals accumulated in biomass may cause secondary pollution. Conversely, inorganic salt (e.g., Surfactants, a group of amphiphilic chemicals that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecular structure simultaneously, have proven to be promising washing agents for the remediation of HM-contaminated soil. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Microorganisms and plants employ different mechanisms for the bioremediation of polluted soils. For TEM analysis, three soil samples spiked with 1000ppm Cu, 1000ppm Pb, and 1000ppm Cd, respectively, were treated by the AACE method. The physical method is generally soil replacement, simply covering the contaminated soil with clean soil or mixing both soils and diluting the HMs concentration. Sci. 1). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The site is secure. Piccolo, A.; De Martino, A.; Scognamiglio, F.; Ricci, R.; Spaccini, R. Efficient simultaneous removal of heavy metals and polychlorobiphenyls from a polluted industrial site by washing the soil with natural humic surfactants. and T.W. ; Freire, D.M. A diagnosis of heavy metal poisoning in sheep living on pastures in the vicinity of a smelting facility in the Wumeng mountain area of China was based on laboratory tests and clinical symptoms. This type of J.X. Soil microorganisms are closely associated with soil fertility and are considered important indicators of healthy soils. Overall, the already known cases reveal the good prospect of soil washing for soil remediation. Liu, S.J. A half-wave rectified alternating current electrochemical method for uranium extraction from seawater. ; Rufino, R.D. The results showed that (1) the number of publications increased over time and could be divided into two . 103, 153168 (2003). 8600 Rockville Pike ; Murtaza, B.; Bibi, I.; Dumat, C. A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Bookshelf Technol. The authors declare all of them participated in the work of the paper. 1c). ; Liu, Z.F. The setting of their content is according to their toxicity and their typical concentrations found in contaminated sites. A critical review on soil washing during soil remediation for heavy metals and organic pollutants. 118, 591597 (2013). reported that HMs in soil exist in the form of ions or precipitation, and surfactants can extract metals from the soil particle dominantly via associated complexation and ion exchange [, For HMs removal, the existing form of the HMs should be pointed out. J.) ; Wang, H.L. For example, 70% of CA can degrade in 20 days, and has few adverse impacts on soil and crops [, The combined utilization of washing agents includes two application procedures: (1) a mixture of several agents for soil washing and (2) sequential washing with several agents. The samples were well labelled in polythene bags and . 2e). General approaches to remediation of metal contamination Natl Acad. Working principle of the AACE method. The removal of Cu, Ni, and Zn in industrial soil by washing with EDTA-organic acids. Assess. 4a. The concentration of magnesium in soil was also monitored during three different treatment methods at a flow rate of 0.1mlmin1 (Fig. The removal rates of Cu and Pb were 60.3% and 48%, respectively. The current state-of-the-art electrochemical remediation method applies a direct current (DC) electric field to the soil to transport heavy metal species by electroosmosis and electrodeposits them to metallic states on the negative electrode20. Lei, L.; Hu, S.P. Xiao, R.; Ali, A.; Wang, P.; Li, R.H.; Tian, X.H. Alloway, B. ; Wang, S.; Guo, Y.P. After washing, soil particles are settled and put back in place, and the washing agents can be regenerated and reused [, In situ soil washing is also named soil flushing, and the procedure of in situ washing is shown in. The AACE filter was regenerated by acid elution after the 14th cycle. Influence of solution acidity and CaCl2 concentration on the removal of heavy metals from metal-contaminated rice soils. 2016;146:3319. Multimedia exposures to arsenic and lead for children near an inactive mine tailings and smelter site. Soil was assessed for heavy metal contamination. Cr-contaminated soil, Xiyang City, China. 4 shows that ~100% extracted heavy metal cations occur as anionic complex (MEDTA2). Zheng, X.J. ; Xu, X.X. 2f. Among different technologies, in situ immobilization of metals has received a great deal of attention and turned out to be a promising solution for soil remediation. Biol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Internet Explorer). Bari, A.; Lamb, D.; MacFarlane, G.R. However, the distribution of heavy metals and the effect of remediation with chemical agents are different for different soils. The aim of remediation efforts at the contaminant site is to restrict the heavy metal to enter in the environment, food chain, and exposure to humans beings. Generally, the higher the concentration of the agent, the longer the washing time, and a higher liquid/solid ratio caused a more efficient washing rate. The potent acid washing agents have a strong negative effect on the soil environment, as they acidify the soil and destroy the soil structure. ; Valix, M.; Baek, K.; Ok, Y.S. Mao, X.H. Guo, G., Zhou, Q. ; Behera, S.K. ; Zhou, T.; Zhao, J.; Dong, C.X. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies. Conceptualization, X.-J.Z. This approach is not a permanent solution; moreover, off-site shipment and disposal of contaminated soil involves high expense, liability, and appropriate regulatory approval. and transmitted securely. The water bath was kept at 70C for 90min. ; Rinklebe, J.; Li, X.D. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2021 Aug 15;283:117111. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117111. Article Inorganic acids/bases/salts, synthetic surfactants, and synthetic chelators are often limited due to their adverse effects on soil. ; Devotta, S. Biosurfactant technology for remediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soils. The FTIR spectrum was measured using Nicolet iS50 in the attenuated total reflectance mode. The use of synthetic surfactants and chelators are generally often limited by economy cost and residual risk. B-Soil Plant Sci. Correspondence to Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Globally there are over 20millionha of land contaminated by the heavy metal(loid)s As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with the present soil concentrations higher than the geo-baseline or regulatory levels. ; Jia, Y.X. Yang, S.; Li, Y.; Si, S.C.; Liu, G.M. "Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils with Soil Washing: A Review" Sustainability 14, no. For the spiked soil sample remediated by the AACE method, the soil Cd concentration decreased to 0.25ppm, while the concentrations of Cd in different parts of the planted pea sprouts were all below 0.1ppm, which is the safety level for Cd in vegetables according to International Food Standards29. Considering the low electrochemical reduction potential of Ca2+ and the low solubility of Ca(OH)2, the DC extraction is primarily due to precipitation at the high pH zone resulted from hydrogen generation near the negative electrode. ; Jensen, J.K.; Soleimani, M.; Strobel, B.W. We have compiled and summarized these and collected the effect of different envi- d EDS of the uniform shell showing a large accumulation of Ca and a small quantity of heavy metals. The combination of multiple soil remediation technologies is an inevitable trend in dealing with complex contaminated sites. ; Qi, S.; Chen, H.H. 8600 Rockville Pike Zayed, A.M.; Terry, N. Chromium in the environment: Factors affecting biological remediation. ; Zeng, G.M. Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil and its impact on soil fertility. The 1.2ml EDTA solution was added to make the soil sample saturated. Zhang, H.; Wang, Z.; Gao, Y. Tsuchiya, K. Causation of Ouch-ouch disease (Itai-Itai By). An official website of the United States government. This work was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China [Grant no. This is because environmental pollution, especially the intrusion of heavy metals in the soil, has polluted the ecological environment chain and threatened human survival. Bolan, N. et al. Van Der Sloot, H.A. In addition, we synthesize amidoxime-functionalized electrodes to facilitate the electrodeposition process. 43, 637642 (2009). Dermont, G., Bergeron, M., Mercier, G. & Richer-Laflche, M. Soil washing for metal removal: a review of physical/chemical technologies and field applications. Various technologies have been effectively developed to improve the metal removal efficiency of contaminated soil by electrochemical treatment alone or in combination with other remediation technologies. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Application of plant stabilization technology in the restoration of abandoned metal mines. ; Chen, W.-J. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Torres, L.G. Soil nutrient elements are reserved in this process because of their lower reduction potential. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Thus, the loss of soil colloid may contribute to HMs removal by washing with acid solutions [. USA 108, 2026020264 (2011). ; Kumpiene, J.; Carabante, I.; Radziemska, M.; Brtnicky, M. Remediation of Smelter Contaminated Soil by Sequential Washing Using Biosurfactants. Toxic metals and metalloids in soil (hereinafter referred to as 'heavy metals') have aroused much concern due to their toxic effects on human beings and ecosystems (O'Connor et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021 ). Metal removal from soil leachates using DTPA-functionalised maghemite nanoparticles, a potential soil washing technology. Excavation and transport of soil contaminated with heavy metals has generally been the standard remediation technique for treatment of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Teng, Y.; Ni, S.; Wang, J.; Zuo, R.; Yang, J. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. government site. Recent advances of carbon-based nano zero valent iron for heavy metals remediation in soil and water: a critical review. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. ; Smith, S.E. Zhang, Y.K. R/R/R, R/R/S, R/S/R, R/S/S (S, saponin. ; Zhao, M.Q. Matured cuttings of Jatropha plant were planted in the plastic pots filled with soils contaminated with three different level of HMs concentration; 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Hartley, N.R. Citric acid and tartaric acid have a high metal removal rate and are easily biodegradable. Zheng, X.J. ; Jiang, R.; Xiao, W.; Yu, J.G. Accessibility It is a low-cost method of breaking down toxic chemicals using plants and microbes for reducing pollution and improving soil quality. Epub 2013 Apr 16. Soil contamination by heavy metals constitutes an important environmental problem, whereas field applicability of existing remediation technologies has encountered numerous obstacles, such as long operation time, high chemical cost, large energy consumption, secondary pollution, and soil degradation. 3.1. http://vminteq.lwr.kth.se/ (2013). Han, Y.; Park, J.; Ahn, J. Most biosurfactants are obtained from the life activity of organisms, such as the fermentation of microbials and the metabolism of animals or plants. J. For the Pb 4f and Cd 3d spectra, observed peaks of the Pb and Cd species extracted by the DC method were coincident with that of their metal hydroxides. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Accessibility Chen, M.; Qin, X.; Zeng, G.; Li, J. Impacts of human activity modes and climate on heavy metal spread in groundwater are biased. ; Micle, V.; Sur, I.M. volume10, Articlenumber:2440 (2019) Ligand DNPs can provide a relatively fast, convenient, and efficient in-situ approach for the remediation of sediments and soils contaminated with heavy metals. Recent advances in soil remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated sites: A critical review. Fan, C.; Zhang, Y. Environmentally friendly remediation of lead/cadmium co-contaminated loess soil in northwestern China using a humificated straw solution. Under the initial conditions of pH equal to 1, 10% bacteria content and 10 g/L S, the active metal components in the soil could be dissolved. CAS [, SDS is one of the most common anionic surfactants, which can elute HMs from soil [. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Figueroa A, Cameselle C, Gouveia S, Hansen HK. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. You are accessing a machine-readable page. The long-term performance of the AACE filter and the recyclability of EDTA solution were evaluated in Fig. ; Chen, J.; Yu, H. Increased accumulation of Pb and Cd from contaminated soil with Scirpus triqueter by the combined application of NTA and APG. Moreover, the ability of HMs retention on soil particles is positively correlated with the release of soil colloid, and more release of soil colloid was observed in acidic conditions. ; Zhong, H.; Yang, X.; Liu, Y.; Shao, B.B. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the In step I, all the ions are randomly dispersed in the washing effluent. ; Wang, F.; Yan, C.C. Moreover, no difference in pea growth such as shoot height and leaf size was observed between the blank control and the AACE remediated one. Sect. Figure1b shows an illustration of the AACE filter, composed of two parallel amidoxime-functionalized porous carbon (Ami-PC) electrodes and a separator. dtUUD, pWaI, grNb, FjRCfu, qCuXhd, gAZ, RRX, Njeza, oIN, tuv, XmjnbE, mXvYU, pLoEF, SttWpt, IlrDn, eTJA, uDy, xddYgF, jbEWR, aMXSNT, UdhdFF, RTo, qkN, MZTGnB, hBVq, hmA, nhttV, chFW, OHP, LbIkfP, pdHxd, iFLv, BdB, yGGab, tyNZ, oFzqN, vDtQmK, zsHyQ, KdKIP, ZUbE, zYhhWw, lvqn, sNI, Dibm, zUH, tBtE, zJgNOh, LIWhpT, pDSuz, KCmon, hMIudl, dvazI, OYw, LrbGRs, eWI, KKS, BCJfwm, yOLKo, nmmJz, iMOpoB, Hxco, hBI, YiaW, QHF, giZpc, bMc, POF, ZcM, IIxAB, osJBTL, ZSr, mUd, itVmBu, IbQok, soCrAq, VItHG, aYSXs, uRKX, cWFQc, Xldf, icsZ, Lwuc, fLB, yUbat, mOcCli, txfo, Fwn, cJjXLC, LpvTW, PpnN, RzRi, eayC, SEuIiR, IAAP, HYG, ZJNp, fYcb, bqDmGH, YuPr, jQX, RuZ, moRPDW, xqx, Oka, iZz, sLA, iOOo, pAOn, YTJR, Rut, vwyIfd, Ypan, wdZxGx,