Here our list is 3 and we are printing with size 4 so in this case, it will create a list index out of range. There may be many times when you want to find the last index of a substring in a Python string. Learn how your comment data is processed. This function does the actual work of formatting. The range() function typically takes in one integer number, which indicates where the counting will stop. Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? When I tried the conversions you suggested, I find the dtype has changed to datetime64[ns]. I want to split each CSV field and create a new row per entry (assume that CSV are clean and need only be split on ','). Take a look at the string Pineapple: If not, the "String index is out of range". WebWhile working as a researcher in distributed systems, Dr. Christian Mayer found his love for teaching computer science students. To acces the second to last item, you use the index value of -2. Did you try to access the third element with index 3? We will get the TypeError: str object does not support item assignment. Although range() in Python 2 and range() in Python 3 may share a name, they are entirely different animals. Only Integers are allowed to be passed as the index, float, or other types will cause aTypeError. Here is how you would access each item inside a list using negative indexing: You'll get the Indexerror: list index out of range error when you try and access an item using a value that is out of the index range of the list and does not exist. This ishowto solve IndexError: string index out of range in python or indexerror string index out of range python 3. Return: Returns the first position of the substring found. Thats how you polish the skills you really need in practice. Get the first character of a string in python. While working as a researcher in distributed systems, Dr. Christian Mayer found his love for teaching computer science students. Solving this error without using len() or constant Value: To solve this error we will take the index of the last value of the list and then add one then it will become the exact value of length. In Python, strings are indexed starting from 0. So, Watson is 6 characters word. To achieve this, you can print the index that causes the error before you use it on the list. In thisPython tutorial, we will discuss how to handle indexerror: string index out of range in Python. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Hes author of the popular programming book Python One-Liners (NoStarch 2020), coauthor of the Coffee Break Python series of self-published books, computer science enthusiast, freelancer, and owner of one of the top 10 largest Python blogs worldwide. As a side note, the construction of your dataframe didn't work for me because zip returns an iterator which is not accepted by the DataFrame constructor. Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced Course, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Python Indexerror: list assignment index out of range Solution, How to Fix: Length of values does not match length of index, How to Fix: numpy.ndarray object has no attribute index, How to Fix: if using all scalar values, you must pass an index, How to Fix: SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument in Python, How to fix - "typeerror 'module' object is not callable" in Python, Python | Replace elements in second list with index of same element in first list, Python | Add list elements with a multi-list based on index, Python - Sort dictionaries list by Key's Value list index. This is quite common when you try to access the last item of a list, or the first one if you're using negative indexing. Lets take a look at how you can find the last index of a substring in a Python string. The index starts from 0 and ends with the number of characters in the string. Improve this question. auto . Return: Returns the first position of the substring found. To accomplish this, we cannot use the .index() string method. the ".length() > 0" part eliminate Python String index() Method function is used to extract the suffix or prefix length after or before the target word. Note: The index() method is similar to find(). Its a common mistake: The index of the third element is 2 because the index of the first list element is 0. In Python, the strings are ordered sequences of character data, and thus can be indexed in this way. When this is appropriate, I use matches instead of substring. However, Python comes rev2022.12.9.43105. Its fantastic to see an enlighteninng post oof some actual value to me. No, calling itemdescription.length() when itemdescription is null would not generate a StringIndexOutOfBoundsException, but rather a NullPointerException since you would essentially be trying to call a method on null. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? Cheers, I wanted to loop through the list and print out each value. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. auto . WebLike, sample_str[i] will return a character at index i-th index position. Python provides a rich set of operators, functions, and methods for working with strings. But his greatest passion is to serve aspiring coders through Finxter and help them to boost their skills. WebSee PEP 584 for a full description. auto can be used in place of a value. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Brand new to coding and very confused as to why I am getting the following error. For Enum and IntEnum that appropriate value will be the last value plus one; for Flag and IntFlag it will be the first power-of-two greater than the last value; for that issue? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Its the best way of approaching the task of improving your Python skillseven if you are a complete beginner. This way, youll have your wrong index in the shell right before the error message. If you want to learn more about Python, check out freeCodeCamp's Python Certification. Its going down onn my lis of details I need to emulate import string string.letters string.uppercase string.digits This solution uses the ASCII table . You could try: You must check the String length. By using our site, you I'm using python 3.4 but am having trouble reproducing your problem. To access the last item, you use the index value of -1. If there's an explicit start, iteration starts from it's value. because the string is trying to Python3. str.removeprefix(prefix) and str.removesuffix(suffix) have been added to easily remove an unneeded prefix or a suffix from a string. Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? Besides knowing why this error occurs in the first place, you'll also learn some ways to avoid it. The following graphic shows that the maximal index in your list is 2. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Dunn index and DB index - Cluster Validity indices | Set 1. A character is not a separate data type but a string of exactly one character. How do I generate random integers within a specific range in Java? ValueError: This error is raised in the case when the argument string is not found in the target string. To create a list object in Python, you need to: For example, to create a list of names you would do the following: The code above created a list called names that has four values: Kelly, Nelly, Jimmy, Lenny. pyt python3 app.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "app.py", line 2, in print(str[7]) IndexError: string index out of range pyt. How to smoothen the round border of a created buffer to make it look more natural? `my_list.append('d')`. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? When using negative indexing, the index range of a list is -1 to -n, where -n the total number of items contained in the list. A small bolt/nut came off my mtn bike while washing it, can someone help me identify it? Again, the second index specifies the first character that is not included in the result. Continue the excellent work! You can refer to the below screenshot how to solve the IndexError: string index out of range. begp (default : 0) : This function specifies the position from where search has to be started. In this post, you learned a number of different ways to check if a Python string is a palindrome. But wouldn't In fact, range() in Python 3 is just a renamed version of a function that is called xrange in Python 2. Learning something new everyday and writing about it, Learn to code for free. Webvformat (format_string, args, kwargs) . Both patterns and strings to be searched can be Unicode strings (str) as well as 8-bit strings (bytes).However, Unicode strings and 8-bit strings cannot be mixed: that is, you cannot match a Unicode string with a byte pattern or vice-versa; similarly, when 1980s short story - disease of self absorption, MOSFET is getting very hot at high frequency PWM, Cooking roast potatoes with a slow cooked roast. Heres a screenshot of this happening on my Windows machine: Lets have a look at an example where this error arises: The element with index 3 doesnt exist in the list with three elements. As a native speaker why is this usage of I've so awkward? How to Use Python to Find the Last Index of a Substring in a String. 6. It is exposed as a separate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefined dictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking the dictionary as individual arguments using the *args and **kwargs syntax. There isnt any index that makes sense for the empty string. com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerException: The index 2 is out of range :(. Originally, both range() and xrange() produced numbers that could be iterated over with for-loops, but the If we try to attempt an index beyond the end of the string then it results in an error. You can now see all indices used to retrieve an element. Introduction. A substring is a continuous sequence of characters within a String.For instance, "substring" is a substring of "Find a substring within a string". Finally, How To Access Characters In String By Index In Python Tutorial Example is over. Indexing in Python, and most modern programming languages, starts at 0. A one-liner takes care of the problem. Python also allows a form of indexing syntax that extracts substrings from a string, known as string slicing. Do you want to stop learning with toy projects and focus on practical code projects that earn you money and solve real problems for people? I would recommend apache commons lang. You can fix this with a simple list comprehension statement that accomplishes the same thing: Only non-zero elements are included in the list. Lets try to modify the string by assigning specific characters to a particular position. ord gets the ascii value from a character and chr vice versa. Parameters: substring : The string to be searched for. import itertools as it import collections as ct import more_itertools as mit iterable = range(11) n = 3 Very well written andd done my friend! There are also some built-in methods or functions to read the string on the console and return it in other languages. You really need to check if the string's length is greater to or equal to 38. We can also call out a range of characters from the string. li = Python - Filter the List of String whose index in second List contains the given Substring. I'm using python 3.4 but am having trouble reproducing your problem. Now, let's try to access an item using negative indexing. Tandie, syntaxerror invalid character in identifier python3, What does the percent sign mean in python, How to convert a dictionary into a string in Python, How to build a contact form in Django using bootstrap, How to Convert a list to DataFrame in Python, How to find the sum of digits of a number in Python. Ok, we cannot change that and have to consider this edge case every time we use substr, instead of if-else clauses I would go for this shorter variant: I"m guessing i'm getting this error With the total number of items in the list being 4, the index range is -1 to -4. len() will return an integer, which will be the number of items stored in the list. Creating an Advent Calendar App in Python with AI Image Creation, Python | Split String and Get First N Characters, If you access list elements in a loop, keep in mind that Python uses, A common cause of the error is trying to access indices. After all, whats the use of learning theory that nobody ever needs? To solve the error, use the `append()` method to add an item to the end of the list, e.g. The stop parameter for the range() function is the value returned by the len() function. After writing the above code (string index out of range), Ones you will print valuethen the error will appear as an IndexError: string index out of range . How To Write Python Dictionary To CSV File, Top 10 Best Cloud Computing Service Providers in 2022. TypeError: string index out of range. The error list index out of range arises if you access invalid indices in your Python list. Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters and one of the most commonly used data types to represent data in a human-readable format.. So characters in a string of size n can be accessed from 0 to n-1. Checking .length() > 0 simply makes sure the String has some not-null value, what you need to do is check that the length is long enough. Michael Dunn. To become more successful in coding, solve more real problems for real people. ''' #TO find the repeated char in string can check with below simple python program. We can access characters by providing a positive and negative index. This attribute contains the actual value of the instance. Python. Genius! You can see this by first printing out the number of the position and then the value at that position. I'm guessing I'm getting this error because the string is trying to substring a null value. Krunal Lathiya is an Information Technology Engineer. for i in range(2, 7, 2): print(i, end=' ') Out: 2 4 6 Edit. It is a pity that substring is not implemented in a way that handles short strings like in other languages e.g. lot of articles simply rehash old ideas but add verfy little of value. The final one is the index i=4 which points to the fifth element in the list (remember zero-based indexing: Python starts indexing at index 0!). This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl. How do I get a substring of a string in Python? Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? You see that at position 0 is "Kelly", at position 1 is "Nelly", at position 2 is "Jimmy" and at position 3 is "Lenny". But like sunqiang pointed out, collections.Counter is also in python 2.7, and can be added to earlier versions. A utility function like the following should do what you want: itemdescription is shorter than 38 chars. After writing the above code IndexError: string index out of range thisis resolved by giving the string index in the range, Here, the index name[2] is in the range and it will give the output as The character is: c because the specified index value and the character is in the range. first element has an index 0, the second - 1 etc. For instance, [None, 'hello', 10] doesnt sort because Our single purpose is to increase humanity's, To create your thriving coding business online, check out our. To access an item in a list using its index number, first write the name of the list. Heres what it looks like on my machine: To fix the error for strings, make sure that the index falls between the range 0 len(s)-1 (included): In fact, the IndexError can occur for all ordered collections where you can use indexing to retrieve certain elements. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. By profession, he is a web developer with knowledge of multiple back-end platforms (e.g., PHP, Node.js, Python) and frontend JavaScript frameworks (e.g., Angular, React, and Vue). Share. An easy alternative is to use Apache Commons StringUtils.substring: Note, if you can't use Apache Commons lib for some reason, you could just grab the parts you need from the source. Utilities and Decorators class enum. Figure out the faulty index just before the error is thrown. Again, the second index specifies the first character that is not included in the result. When I used range(5) I was telling the Python interpreter to print the values that are at the positions 0 to 4. When the value attribute is retrieved from a ctypes instance, usually a new object is returned each time. UPDATE: The upcoming Python 3.12 introduces itertools.batched, which solves this problem at last.See below. TypeError: string indices must be integers. Why is that? As others have indicated, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException indicates that itemdescription is not at least 38 characters long. All subsequent elements now have a smaller index. step-: optional and needed if you want to increase the increment by more than 1. Corresponding bytes, bytearray, and collections.UserString methods have If you need the index, use enumerate(). Python IndexError: List Index Out of Range [Easy Fix], Python List of Lists - A Helpful Illustrated Guide to Nested, 56 Python One-Liners to Impress Your Friends, Finxter Feedback from ~1000 Python Developers, How to Build Your High-Income Skill Python, Python | Split String into List of Substrings, Set Yourself Up for Millionaire Status with These 6 Steps, A Comprehensive Guide to maxsplit in Python. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! tuple are index based (and also immutable) in Python. Heres an example of wrong code that will cause the error to appear: The error message tells you that the error appears in line 5. Index starts from 0, so we will go for a 7th character, which is B. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. In Python, to read the string or sentence from the user through an input device keyboard and return it to the output screen or console, we use the input() function. Example 5: How to fix list index out of range using Index() Here we are going to create a list and then try to iterate the list using the constant values in for loops. It keeps on saying IndexError: String Index out of range. Here in this case x = rows[1][1] + " " + rows[1][2] have only two index 0, 1 available but you are trying to access the 3rd index. WebRsidence officielle des rois de France, le chteau de Versailles et ses jardins comptent parmi les plus illustres monuments du patrimoine mondial et constituent la plus complte ralisation de lart franais du XVIIe sicle. You get this if itemdescription is shorter than 38 characters, You can look which exceptions are thrown and when in the JAVA API For any non-empty string str, str[len(s)-1] and str[-1] both return the last character. To help students reach higher levels of Python success, he founded the programming education website Finxter.com. Eliminate the source of the faulty index. Ok, we cannot change that and have to consider this edge means the String has to be 38 characters or longer. commands (Like !hello) and then It comes up with this python; discord; discord.py; Share. How many transistors at minimum do you need to build a general-purpose computer? In order to use indexing on a list, you need to initialize the list. How to check if a string contains a substring in Bash. Reason of the error The length of the list is 5 and if we are an iterating list on 6 then it will generate the error. I have been working with Python for a long time and I have expertise in working with various libraries on Tkinter, Pandas, NumPy, Turtle, Django, Matplotlib, Tensorflow, Scipy, Scikit-Learn, etc I have experience in working with various clients in countries like United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, etc. By default, range starts from 0 and stops at the value of the passed parameter minus one. But if you try to modify a value whose index is greater than or equal to the length of the list then you will encounter an Indexerror: list assignment index out of range. Sed based on 2 words, then replace whole line with variable. If youre like me, you try things first in your code and fix the bugs as they come. The Python IndexError: list assignment index out of range occurs when we try to assign a value at an index that doesn't exist in the list. 1 This is a design principle for all mutable data structures in Python.. Another thing you might notice is that not all data can be sorted or compared. The first character in a string has an index 0. This isIndexError: string index out of range. "); alert( itemdescription.substring(0, itemdescription.length) ); returns "Hello, World!". You learned how to do this with Python string indexing, the Python reversed() function, both for and while loops. String indices can also be specified with the negative numbers, in which case the indexing occurs from the end of the string backward: Attempting to index with the negative numbers beyond the start of the string results in error. Note that this is a minimal example and it doesnt make a lot of sense. The call lst[2] would retrieve the third list element 'Carl'. Character at index -1 in the string 'PythonForbeginners' is s. Character at index -2 in the string 'PythonForbeginners' is r. Character at index -3 in the string 'PythonForbeginners' is e. Character at index -4 in the string 'PythonForbeginners' is n. Character at index -18 in the string 'PythonForbeginners' is P. The message list assignment index out of range tells us that we are trying to assign an item to an index that does not exist. But you iterate over all indices up to len(l)-1 = 6-1 = 5 and the index 5 does not exist in the list after removing elements in a previous iteration. Individual characters in the string can be accessed by specifying the string name followed by a number in square brackets ([]). We will check how to fix the error indexerror string index out of range python 3. The majority of code in this package resides in gimpmodule.c, but this provides a poor interface for implementing some portions of a plugin.For this reason, there is a python module called plugin.py that sets out a structure for plugins and implements some things that were either too difficult or impossible to do in C. One frequent bug in Python is the IndexError: list index out of range. In this article we will learn Given. Say I want to access the first item in the list, "Kelly", by using negative indexing. Understanding The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2. For integer and pointer types, it is an integer, for character types, it is a single character bytes object or string, for character pointer types it is a Python bytes object or string. In this tutorial, we will see how to access characters in String By Index In Python. But if you comment out the import the module works and you can add a datetime.timedelta.__format__ method either directly in said file or by monkey patching. Python Indexerror: list assignment index out of range Example But the general debugging strategy remains even for advanced code projects: The IndexError also frequently occurs if you iterate over a list but you remove elements as you iterate over the list: This code snippet is from a StackOverflow question. So, we got an error: IndexError: string index out of range. To help students reach higher levels of Python success, he founded the programming education website Finxter.com.Hes author of the popular programming book Python One-Liners (NoStarch 2020), coauthor of the Coffee Then, inside square brackets, include the intiger that corresponds with the item's index number. With slices, we can call multiple character values by creating a range of index numbers separated by a colon [x:y]: print (ss [6: 11]) I find Regex very handy and easy to use, but it's right also that it is less performant. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For example, a should become b: In [7]: a Out[7]: var1 var2 0 a,b,c 1 1 d,e,f 2 In [8]: b Out[8]: var1 var2 0 a 1 1 b 1 2 c 1 3 d In Python, the indexing of strings starts from 0 till n-1, where n is the size of the string. encode (input, errors = 'strict') Encodes the object input and returns a tuple (output object, length consumed). We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. If there's an explicit start, iteration starts from it's value. To check the length of a list in Python, use Python's build-in len() method. So, how can you fix the code? Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced Course, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Dunn index and DB index - Cluster Validity indices | Set 1, Python - Find Index containing String in List, Python - Access element at Kth index in given String, Python program to Concatenate Kth index words of String, Python program to remove the nth index character from a non-empty string, Python - Characters Index occurrences in String, Python - Replace to K at ith Index in String, Python - Filter the List of String whose index in second List contains the given Substring, Python | SymPy Permutation.index() method. This means that the first item in a list has an index of 0, the second item has an index of 1, and so on. that's midnight posting for you You're right Alexandre; changed for equals. You can use the index number to access the individual item. Java substring: 'string index out of range', https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-. But the list has only four elements, so you need to reduce the number of indices youre iterating over. In python 2.x, range() creates a list, so for a very long length you may end up allocating a very large block of memory. Donations to freeCodeCamp go toward our education initiatives, and help pay for servers, services, and staff. However, Python does not have the character data type, and a single character is simply a string with a length of 1. Even though this problem occurs frequently, it could be difficult for a new programmer to diagnose. WebThe History of Pythons range() Function. The Structure Of A Plugin. So, theIndexError is resolved string index out of range. Typesetting Malayalam in xelatex & lualatex gives error. vformat() does the work of breaking up Access characters in String are basic operations in any programming language, and Python makes it very easy providing indexing and slicing. Is Java "pass-by-reference" or "pass-by-value"? Java's substring method fails when you try and get a substring starting at an index which is longer than the string. So, by default, the counting starts at position 0, is incremented by 1 each time, and the number is up to but not including the position where the counting will stop. The example below displays the total bit length of an instruction coming from AC voltage given information in a string. It is a pity that substring is not implemented in a way that handles short strings like in other languages e.g. The list index out of your range problem is likely something youve encountered if youve ever worked with lists. The range is used to give a specific range, the Python range() function returns the sequence of the given number between the given range. Codec. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Viewed 45 times 1 I'm coding a discord bot and it works fine until I try and use one of the ! Lets use it. ; Let us see how to access the key-Value pairs from a Dictionary. for i in range(len()) is evil. You Wont Believe How Quickly You Can Master Python With These 5 Simple Steps! Regular expressions are a huge topic; there are there are entire books written on the topic Why is apparent power not measured in Watts? If used, the Enum machinery will call an Enums _generate_next_value_() to get an appropriate value. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Modified 9 days ago. We can access the individual characters using an index that starts from 0. By default, range starts from 0 and stops at the value of the passed parameter minus one. Japanese Temple Geometry Problem: Radii of inner circles inside quarter arcs. You can refer to the below screenshot string index out of range. Python. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Even though this problem occurs frequently, it could be difficult for a new programmer to diagnose. String indices are zero-based. Let's go back to the list we've used so far. start: An optional number that identifies the beginning of the series. Our mission: to help people learn to code for free. You assume that you can do substring(0,38) as long as String is not null, but you actually need the String to be of at least 38 characters length. If not, the "String index is out of range". In python, lists are mutable as the elements of a list can be modified. Python is one of the most popular languages in the United States of America. var itemdescription = new String("Hello, World! With the total values of the list above being 4, the index range is 0 to 3. (Contributed by Brandt Bucher in bpo-36144.). for i in range(2, 7, 2): print(i, end=' ') Out: 2 4 6 Edit. This process is referred to as indexing. in you case for String#substring(int,int): https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-. But wouldn't the ".length() > 0" part eliminate that issue? WebIntroduction to Python Input String. Syntax: string_obj.index(substring, begp, endp). A string is a special kind of sequence whose items are characters. How do I read / convert an InputStream into a String in Java? So, lets insert a print statement before that line: The result of this code snippet is still an error. as a new blogger. Python String index() Method allows a user to find the index of the first occurrence of an existing substring inside a given string. But even more powerful tools are available in Python's built-in regular expression module. 6.3.3. Taking the example from earlier, this is how you would access each item inside the list using its index number: You can also use negative indexing to access items inside lists in Python. 0 is the default value if its left blank. Python Stringsare the arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters. WebNote that this is a method, not an operator. If your answer is YES!, consider becoming a Python freelance developer! substring a Null value. Check out my profile. Not the answer you're looking for? WebFlexible Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions. 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Slicings may be used as expressions or as targets in assignment or del statements. WebDon't reinvent the wheel. This applies to both standard indexing and slicing. If str is a string, an expression of the form str[x:y] returns the portion of s starting with position x, and up to but not including position y. Lets say we want to extract Watsonfrom Emma Watsonstring using slice, and then we can write the following code to achieve that output. How to Test if a String Index is Null in Java, code gives "java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: String index out of range: 14". I'm assuming your column is 38 characters in length, so you want to truncate itemdescription to fit within the database. To pin down the exact problem, check the value of the index just before the error occurs. How do I convert a String to an int in Java? We can do so by creating a slice, which is a sequence of characters within an original string. Some wonderful thoughts; yoou havve certainly made it on my list of sites His passions are writing, reading, and coding. first element has an index 0, the second - 1 etc. You might have noticed that methods like insert, remove or sort that only modify the list have no return value printed they return the default None. Also, repeated indexing of the same string is much slower than iterating directly over the string. Slicings A slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., a string, tuple or list). We have passed the float value as an index; that is why we got the TypeError: string indices must be integers. Visitor eengagement and content quality are king. Follow asked Nov 27 at When it comes to position four, which was specified with range(5) which indicates positions of 0 to 4, there is nothing to print out and therefore the interpreter throws an error. Which is why the StringOutOfBoundsException is being thrown. New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes. Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? You call the method on