Discover the Latest News and Events on the Education Blog, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages, www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf. An accessible summary of the international evidence on teaching 516year-olds. Every education program offered through the WGU Teachers College has been awarded full accreditation by the Association for Advancing Quality in Educator Preparation (AAQEP) through 2025. [10], Studies further show that teachers cannot assess the learning style of their students accurately. New Books View all. Research indicates that very few, if any, of the psychometric tests promoted in conjunction with the learning styles idea have the necessary validity to be useful in practice. [29], In this model, there are two perceptual qualities: concrete and abstract, and two ordering abilities: random and sequential. [13], Although Kolb's model is widely used, a 2013 study pointed out that Kolb's Learning Style Inventory, among its other weaknesses, incorrectly dichotomizes individuals on the abstract/concrete and reflective/action dimensions of experiential learning (in much the same way as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator does in a different context), and proposed instead that these dimensions be treated as continuous rather than dichotomous/binary variables. An education bachelor's degree focuses not only on the subject matter you will be teaching, but gives you important training and skills on how to work in the classroom with students. A systematic and critical review, Metacognitive knowledge monitoring and self-regulated learning: Academic success and reflections on learning, Knowing what you know and what you dont: Further research on metacognitive knowledge monitoring, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, Accommodating Student Athletes In the Classroom, Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions, About the Teaching & Learning Inquiry Journal, Beyond the Essay: Making Student Thinking Visible in the Humanities, Keeping Stress from Evolving into Distress: A Guide on Managing Student Stress through Course Design, Group work: Using cooperative learning groups effectively, Test-enhanced learning: Using retrieval practice to help students learn, Pedagogy for Professional Schools and Students, Teaching First-Generation College Students, Teaching Beyond the Gender Binary in the University Classroom, Leveraging Travel Abroad: Collecting and Teaching with Authentic Resources, Digital Textbooks: Working with publisher-provided online platforms, Dealing with the Unexpected: Teaching When You or Your Students Cant Make it to Class, Developing and Writing a Diversity Statement, Creating Accessible Learning Environments, Academic Integrity: Grappling with Cheating and Plagiarism. Sign in here. This allows the Teaching Statement to be both personal and reflective. [29] Concrete perceptions involve registering information through the five senses, while abstract perceptions involve the understanding of ideas, qualities, and concepts which cannot be seen. Education staff (museums, learning centers, etc. A bachelor's degree in education has the sole focus of helping you be the best possible teacher by giving you skills and credentials that prepare you for that important work. Tracking in education has a bad history. Anthony Gregorc and Kathleen Butler organized a model describing different learning styles rooted in the way individuals acquire and process information differently. While it can vary, with an online elementary education bachelor's degree, you may be qualified for some of the following positions, serving K-6 students: WGU Bachelor's Degrees in Education Leading to a Teaching License, WGU Bachelor's Degrees in Education With No Teaching License. [20] They also pointed out that learning modality strengths are different from preferences; a person's self-reported modality preference may not correspond to their empirically measured modality strength. Understanding learning theories and styles, Frequently Asked Questions about Education Bachelor's Degrees. Science Education (Secondary Biological Sciences) M.A. Cybersecurity and Information Assurance M.S. Fleming's model also posits two types of multimodality. Additionally to be ELL certified you will also need a bachelor's degree and licensure in another subject area to begin. Science Education (Secondary Chemistry) B.S. We are all both. What Can I Do With a Bachelor's in Education? Sign up here 5 Reasons Every Teacher Needs Book Wizard. Student teaching evaluations are required. [1]:2035[46], Although learning styles will inevitably differ among students in the classroom, Dunn and Dunn say that teachers should try to make changes in their classroom that will be beneficial to every learning style. These programs do not lead to a teaching license. Nursing Education (RN-to-MSN Program) M.S. Mathematics Education (Middle Grade) M.A. WebTaken to its most extreme interpretation, teachers are the main authority figure in a teacher-centered instruction model. The Learning Style Inventory (LSI) is connected with David A. Kolb's model and is used to determine a student's learning style. The teaching strategies in physical education (PE) can vary based on what is being taught and the end goal for the students participating. Aspiring special ed teachers who currently lack a teaching license. The main difference is that we promote the inclusion concept for each of the teaching styles rather than treat inclusion as a separate style. [68], A 2017 research paper from the UK found that 90% of academics agreed there are "basic conceptual flaws" with learning styles theory, yet 58% agreed that students "learn better when they receive information in their preferred learning style", and 33% reported that they used learning styles as a method in the past year. Specific grade levels will vary depending on licensure in your state. A global community of passionate education professionals committed to solving tough problems in education. ), projects, frequent breaks to allow movement, visual aids, role play, and field trips. WebTime: 61% of grads earned this degree within 27 months. ILS users should be aware of an important point. Once we understood that everybody learns differently, it became obvious that there need to be different teaching styles to accommodate the learning styles.. Two philosophers, John Nursing Family Nurse Practitioner (BSN-to-MSN Program) M.S. He saw education as a process of posing problems and seeking answers through conversation. An online teacher certification program for aspiring elementary teachers. An online teacher certification program for aspiring elementary teachers. How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school, Feedback and self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis, Understanding learning styles: A conversation with Dr. Bill Cerbin, Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning. Specific grade levels will vary depending on teaching licensure in your state. Leads to teaching license in all states that have a middle-grades general science teaching license. Science Education (Secondary Physics) B.S. The ION Professional eLearning Program provides professional development programs and support to advance the practice and innovation of online learning for faculty, staff, and online leaders. Nursing Education (BSN-to-MSN Program) M.S. [48][pageneeded], At least one study evaluating teaching styles and learning styles, however, has found that congruent groups have no significant differences in achievement from incongruent groups. Business Administration, Human Resource Management B.S. Choose from 20,000+ worksheets, lesson plans, projects and much more Special education resources; Creative bulletin board ideas, icebreakers, Brand new features make exploring and leveling books for your class easier than ever. A bachelor's degree in education is designed to train you for life in the classroom. The Index of Learning Styles is an on-line survey instrument used to assess preferences on four dimensions (active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, visual/verbal, and sequential/global) of a learning style model formulated by Richard M. Felder and Linda K. Silverman. If you're considering becoming a teacher, WGU can help you reach your goal in a way that works for you. Education technology (EdTech) is a powerful tool to connect students with learning opportunities. We do remember things visually and aurally, but information isn't defined by how it was received. James W. Keefe and John M. Jenkins have incorporated learning style assessment as a basic component in their "personalized instruction" model of schooling. There are many specialties you can choose from and it's important to understand the outcome of each before deciding. The CFT has prepared guides to a variety of teaching topics with summaries of best practices, links to other online resources, and information about local Vanderbilt resources. Physiological styles are bodily states or predispositions, including sex-related differences, health and nutrition, and reaction to physical surroundings, such as preferences for levels of light, sound, and temperature. They will continue to work until all preferred learning areas have been met . Special education students and English Language Learners are important students in every classroom and school. [13] Kolb's model outlines two related approaches toward grasping experience: Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization, as well as two related approaches toward transforming experience: Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation. [48][pageneeded], Many of the student learning problems that learning style diagnosis attempts to solve relate directly to elements of the human information processing system. [38] The task force defined three broad categories of stylecognitive, affective, and physiologicaland 31 variables, including the perceptual strengths and preferences from the VAK model of Barbe and colleagues,[20] but also many other variables such as need for structure, types of motivation, time of day preferences, and so on. We have entered the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Users answer 44 a-b questions and submit the survey, and their four preferences are reported back to them immediately to be copied or printed out. Angela investigated a match or mismatch between learning and teaching styles in Science education among 179 students and 50 lecturers from Faculty of Science, Sanaa University, Yemen. Get started using Intel FPGAs with development kits, tutorials, laboratory exercises, sample projects, and workshops built specifically for professors, students, researchers, and developers. Three recommendations for designing and selecting effective professional development. // See our complete legal Notices and Disclaimers. A Pragmatic Systematic Review", "The learning styles educational neuromyth: lack of agreement between teachers' judgments, self-assessment, and students' intelligence", "Assessing experiential learning styles: a methodological reconstruction and validation of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory", Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, "Myth #18: Students learn best when teaching styles are matched to their learning styles", Educational and Psychological Measurement, "I'm different; not dumb: modes of presentation (VARK) in the tertiary classroom", "Kolb's learning style inventory: issues of reliability and validity", "Kolb's Learning Style Inventory-1985: validity issues and relations with metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving strategies", "Kolb learning style inventory (KLSI), version 4 online: description", "Learning and teaching styles in engineering education", "Aligning student learning styles with instructor teaching styles", "Professor pans 'learning style' teaching method", "Teach learning skills, not learning styles: we are ALL multi-sensory learners", "Dubious Claims in Psychotherapy for Youth", "Testing the ATI hypothesis: should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style? [1]:122, Educational researchers Eileen Carnell and Caroline Lodge concluded that learning styles are not fixed and that they are dependent on circumstance, purpose and conditions. [29], The validity of Gregorc's model has been questioned by Thomas Reio and Albert Wiswell following experimental trials. [69][70], Largely debunked theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning, In one extensive list of learning-styles instruments and theories (. There are two types of multimodality learners: VARK type one learners are able to assimilate their learning style to those around them . "[38]:141. The Profile was developed in four phases with initial work undertaken at the University of Vermont (cognitive elements), Ohio State University (affective elements), and St. John's University (physiological/environmental elements). WebWe advance the mental health of children and all who care for them through innovative research, integrated care, and inclusive education. Bachelor's degrees in education will either be a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) The contextual factorsinteractivity, flexible scheduling, and authentic assessmentestablish the structure of personalization. "[2]:105, The article incited critical comments from some defenders of learning styles. WebTeach and learn with The Times: Resources for bringing the world into your classroom This program include a variety of emphasis options for students to choose the specialization they are most interested in, and helps them earn a degree that prepares them for many careers, including pre-school instruction, tutoring, non-traditional classroom instruction, etc. "[51] Similarly, Christine Harrington argued that since all students are multisensory learners, educators should teach research-based general learning skills. [49] Furthermore, learning style in this study varied by demography, specifically by age, suggesting a change in learning style as one gets older and acquires more experience. It is a composite of internal and external operations based in neurobiology, personality, and human development and reflected in learner behavior. You can also try the quick links below to see results for most popular searches. 3-5 pages or more), for hiring purposes they are typically 1-2 pages in length. As a proud member of 100Kin10, WGU joins nonprofits, government agencies, companies, and foundations to combat challenges and prepare more teachers for STEM teaching positions nationwide. According to the results, it showed that kinesthetic learning mode preference was reported as the ***************************************************************** WGU also offers a Bachelor's in Educational Studies degree program that does NOT lead to a teaching license. )", "Using learning style instruments to enhance student learning", Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, "The enduring appeal of 'learning styles', "Teachers still believe in learning styles and other myths about cognition", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learning_styles&oldid=1119844587, Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [29], There are four combinations of perceptual qualities and ordering abilities based on dominance: concrete sequential, abstract random, abstract sequential, and concrete random. (Available in select states), Healthcare Management B.S. And yet, like so much of contemporary life, its hard not to see these as examples of Kabuki-like virtue signaling rather than systematic efforts to enhance // Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. They posited that one can recognize the learning style of an individual student by observing his or her behavior. The EEF and Sutton Trust are, together, the government-designated What Works Centre for Education. (Specific grade levels will vary depending on licensure in your state.) Leads to teaching license in states that have a middle-grades math teaching license. WebTodays state-of-the-art health education curricula reflect the growing body of research that emphasizes: Teaching functional health information (essential knowledge). Some of these changes include room redesign, the development of small-group techniques, and the development of "contract activity packages". The survey results provide an indication of the respondents learning preferences and an even better indication of the preference distribution of a group of respondents (such as students in a class), but they should not be over-interpreted. Other learners, however, need help to function successfully in any learning environment. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Using technology to access and consume content in and outside the classroom is no longer enough. [60]:118 He concluded that there are no theories that have these three crucial characteristics, not necessarily implying that cognitive styles don't exist but rather stating that psychologists have been unable to "find them". David A. Kolb's model is based on his experiential learning model, as explained in his book Experiential Learning. The document should be clearly written and should showcase the teachers knowledge about the NAEYC requirements (National Association for the Education of Diversity & Inclusive Teaching (Archived), Grant Funding Resources for Educational Initiatives, Place-Based and Project-Based Learning (Archived), Best Practices in Community Engaged Teaching, Teaching with Ecological Footprints (Archived), Challenges and Opportunities of Community Engaged Teaching, One-on-One Teaching & Independent Studies, Tips for Teaching Sustainability (Archived), Connect with Vanderbilt Center for Teaching, Site Development: Digital Strategies (Division of Communications). [2] The panel of experts that wrote the article, led by Harold Pashler of the University of California, San Diego, concluded that an adequate evaluation of the learning styles hypothesisthe idea that optimal learning demands that students receive instruction tailored to their learning stylesrequires a particular kind of study. WGU offers a wide variety of bachelor's programs in education to help students prepare for an exciting and rewarding career in the classroom. Science Education (Secondary Earth Science) M.A. 2022 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. To find out more about an author: Google the author's name or dig deeper in the library's biographical source databases.. To find scholarly sources: When searching library article databases, look for a checkbox to narrow your results to Scholarly, Peer Reviewed or Peer Refereed publications.. To evaluate a source's critical reception: [17]:121122 Second, they aligned these stages to four learning styles named:[17]:122124. Its use has grown faster than I ever imagined possible, however, and I now spend an inordinate amount of time on maintenance and support. Monash University: 00008C Monash College: 01857J. If the learning style hypothesis is correct, then, for example, visual learners should learn better with the visual method, whereas auditory learners should learn better with the auditory method. WebMake your Teaching Statement brief and well written. Shaping personal values and beliefs that support healthy behaviors. New tools and techniques create immersive learning environments that nurture the mindsets and skill sets students need for jobs in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. [52], Many educational psychologists have shown that there is little evidence for the efficacy of most learning style models, and furthermore, that the models often rest on dubious theoretical grounds. Pashler, Harold, McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). What can I do with a bachelor's degree in education? In most states, a bachelor's degree is required in order to become a licensed teacher, and those states will typically require your bachelor's degree be in an education field. [3]:267 Many theories share the proposition that humans can be classified according to their "style" of learning, but differ in how the proposed styles should be defined, categorized and assessed. [1] Although there is ample evidence that individuals express personal preferences for how they prefer to receive information,[2]:108 few studies have found any validity in using learning styles in education. Our bachelor's courses that lead to teacher licensure prepare you for obtaining a teaching license in any of the 50 states. [48] Six basic elements constitute the culture and context of personalized instruction. Leads to teacher licensure. Nursing Nursing Informatics (RN-to-MSN Program) M.S. [2][6]:33 Since 2012, learning styles have often been referred to as a "neuromyth" in education. Having never taught online or even taken an online course, I knew I had a lot to learn. Bachelor's Degree Program in Education Specialties. Candidates for this online teaching degree often include: This special education teaching online degree program requires in-classroom observation and a term of full-time demonstration teaching. Elementary education degrees and certification prepare you for licensure in K-6 classrooms. [69] It concluded that it might be better to use methods that are "demonstrably effective". We do this by supporting schools to improve teaching and learning through better use of evidence. [34] Several other models are also often used when researching cognitive styles; some of these models are described in books that Sternberg co-edited, such as Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles. Educators, parents, and students face extraordinary change as they adapt to remote teaching and learning. // No product or component can be absolutely secure. Registered higher education provider. An online teaching degree and teacher certification program for aspiring middle or high school physics teachers. If your state requiresor if you're interested indual licensure in both elementary education and K12 special education, consider theB.A. While you may not be required to get a bachelor's degree in education in order to become a teacher, there are many reasons this type of degree program may be the best fit for your career. (1991). This physics teaching degree program requires in-classroom observation and a term of full-time demonstration teaching. What will I learn with a bachelor's degree in education? WebLearning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education, Engr. Master Online Leader & Administrator Certificate, Open Educational Resources for Instruction Certificate, Digital Accessibility for Educators Certificate, Quality Online Course Initiative (QOCI) Rubric, Provide unrivaled and robust professional development courses and certifications, Provide professionals who will be in high demand as online instructors, Produce professionals who will be capable of fulfilling leadership roles in an online environment. The browser version you are using is not recommended for this site.Please consider upgrading to the latest version of your browser by clicking one of the following links. Business Administration, Healthcare Management B.S. [29] The model posits that both of the perceptual qualities and both of the ordering abilities are present in each individual, but some qualities and ordering abilities are more dominant within certain individuals. [30] Gregorc argues that his critics have "scientifically-limited views" and that they wrongly repudiate the "mystical elements" of "the spirit" that can only be discerned by a "subtle human instrument".[31]. If you opt for an elementary education degree, you won't choose a specific subject to teach as elementary teachers focus on all of the subjects. [5] Critics say there is no consistent evidence that identifying an individual student's learning style and teaching for specific learning styles produces better student outcomes. to help children with autism feel welcome in your class while addressing their symptoms and individual learning styles. According to the NASSP task force, styles are hypothetical constructs that help to explain the learning (and teaching) process. The future will demand a range of skills that include:5. Our educational systems are tasked with preparing young people for a job market with an almost universal demand for technology skills. [41] The LSI is intended to help employees or students "understand how their learning style impacts upon problem solving, teamwork, handling conflict, communication and career choice; develop more learning flexibility; find out why teams work wellor badlytogether; strengthen their overall learning."[41]. There are many different learning styles models; one literature review identified 71 different models. Science Education (Secondary Earth Science) B.S. One is not necessarily better than the otherdegrees are given this distinction based on the subject matter and the focus of the program, and both are needed and seen as valuable for educators. Leads to dual licensureelementary education teaching license and special education teaching license. [2] Examples of such negative findings include the research of Laura J. Massa and Richard E. Mayer,[62] as well as more recent research since the 2009 review. Since 1977 weve helped make parenting and teaching fun and rewarding. Science Education (Secondary Biological Sciences) B.S. Learning style assessment can provide a window to understanding and managing this process. Whether you want to teach elementary education, secondary education, special education, or something else, a bachelor's degree in education can help you get there. [46], Dunn and Dunn's "contract activity packages" are educational plans that use: a clear statement of the learning need; multisensory resources (auditory, visual, tactile, kinesthetic); activities through which the newly mastered information can be used creatively; the sharing of creative projects within small groups; at least three small-group techniques; a pre-test, a self-test, and a post-test. [45], Various researchers have attempted to hypothesize ways in which learning style theory can be used in the classroom. The Demos report said that the evidence for learning styles was "highly variable", and that practitioners were "not by any means always frank about the evidence for their work". The International Standard Classification of A completely different Learning Styles Inventory is associated with a binary division of learning styles, developed by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman. Low, flat-rate tuition means that you're charged the same amount per six-month term, regardless of how many classes you take. If your state offers a single K12 special education teaching license and you are interested in focusing on teaching students with mild to moderate exceptionalities, consider theB.A. An increased emphasis on creativity and higher-order thinking skills fosters innovation and differentiates humans from machines. With it comes a world where change is the only constant. Education, 78(7), 674-681 (1988). The LSP scales are: analytic skill, spatial skill, discrimination skill, categorizing skill, sequential processing skill, simultaneous processing skill, memory skill, perceptual response: visual, perceptual response: auditory, perceptual response: emotive, persistence orientation, verbal risk orientation, verbal-spatial preference, manipulative preference, study time preference: early morning, study time preference: late morning, study time preference: afternoon, study time preference: evening, grouping preference, posture preference, mobility preference, sound preference, lighting preference, temperature preference.[44]. meated scholarship on teaching and teacher education but. [citation needed], Walter Burke Barbe and colleagues proposed three learning modalities (often identified by the acronym VAK):[19], Barbe and colleagues reported that learning modality strengths can occur independently or in combination (although the most frequent modality strengths, according to their research, are visual or mixed), they can change over time, and they become integrated with age. WebLearning styles refer to a range of theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. [53][54] According to professor of education Steven Stahl, there has been an "utter failure to find that assessing children's learning styles and matching to instructional methods has any effect on their learning. Specific grade levels will vary depending on teaching certification in your state. "[1]:35. Unlike some models of cognitive styles which are relatively nonjudgmental, Grasha and Riechmann distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive styles. (Available in select states). The Online Teaching Academy and these self-paced microcourses from ISTE U help K-12 educators learn foundational online learning principles so that they are prepared to teach online. Candidates for this math teaching degree program often include: This online math teaching degree program requires in-classroom observation and a term of full-time demonstration teaching. Courses: 46 total courses in this program. Earn a chemistry degree online and be eligible for a teaching certification. WebTips for Teaching Poetry to Your Students. (from the College of IT), Information Technology Management M.S. [11] In one study, students were asked to take an inventory on their learning style. Nursing Nursing Informatics (BSN-to-MSN Program) M.S. Focus areas of this educational studies degree program include: Students in this program will be prepared for careers including: A Bachelor of Education is a crucial first step to becoming a teacher in the classroom. : 267 Many theories share the proposition that humans can (Hint: No! Cofeld, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Student teaching is an important element of a bachelor's degree in education that prepares you for actual work in the classroom. [13]:145 According to Kolb's model, the ideal learning process engages all four of these modes in response to situational demands; they form a learning cycle from experience to observation to conceptualization to experimentation and back to experience. Respected and accredited programs ensure that your education degree is meaningful for you as a teacher. [47] She bases her work on three premises: Sprenger details how to teach in visual, auditory, or tactile/kinesthetic ways. has done so une venly across f ields. or B.S. The article that originally defined the Felder-Silverman model and identified teaching practices that should meet the needs of students with the full spectrum of styles. The Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) is a charity and a company limited by guarantee. Its been a long time. This can sometimes be confusing for students who are unsure what the difference is. Leads to teacher licensure. I have been frequently urged to charge for accessing it, but I created it in the hope that it would be useful to students and teachers around the world and didnt want lack of money to be an obstacle to using it. [24], Neil Fleming's VARK model and inventory[25] expanded upon earlier notions of sensory modalities such as the VAK model of Barbe and colleagues[19] and the representational systems (VAKOG) in neuro-linguistic programming. Teaching, Mathematics Education (Secondary) M.A. Teaching young students with autism communication skills and learning strategies makes it all the more likely that theyll reach their academic potential later on. for a basic account. That is, the cost of evaluating and classifying students by their learning style, and then providing customized instruction would need to be more beneficial than other interventions (e.g., one-on-one tutoring, after school remediation programs, etc.). Coffield's team found that none of the most popular learning style theories had been adequately validated through independent research. By signing in, you agree to our Terms of Service. Many special education teachers also opt for elementary education licensure because in some states this is a requirement. Goals Provide unrivaled and robust professional development courses and certificationsProvide professionals who will be in high demand as online WebFormal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students.Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Six recommendations for using teacher feedback to improve pupil learning, Eight recommendations to support the literacy of 57year-olds, Educational research to guide school staff and educational professionals. In essence, a philosophy of teaching is a one- or two-page document that expresses an educators preferred teaching style, strengths and overall teaching orientation. Most other learning styles instruments cost $10 per user or more. [3][63][64], Furthermore, the panel noted that, even if the requisite finding were obtained, the benefits would need to be large, and not just statistically significant, before learning style interventions could be recommended as cost-effective. The LSP contains 23 scales representing four higher order factors: cognitive styles, perceptual responses, study preferences and instructional preferences (the affective and physiological elements). 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