Corporate Finance Topics & Role | What Is Corporate Finance? I was trying on tennis shoes, then there was another TV, and there I was. "In July 2015, the President announced that he had asked the Attorney General to review the overuse of solitary confinement across American prisons. Since that time, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has undertaken a thorough review to determine how, when, and why correctional facilities isolate certain prisoners from the general inmate population, and has now developed concrete strategies for safely reducing the use of this practice, also known as restrictive housing, throughout our criminal justice system. March 2014. I saw somebodys head behind me. When I had to pack up my things, I didnt know where to begin, so I just started spinning in circles. Plenty of research shows the practice is extremely harmful to inmates, plus costly to taxpayers, so it seems a no-brainer to severely restrict its use. My memories of my real life started to fade. This Jan. 28, 2016 file photo shows a solitary confinement cell called "the bing," at New York's Rikers Island jail. On Wednesday the Old Dubbo Gaol reopened the doors to its padded cell, which once held inmates who had been driven insane in solitary confinement. "Solitary confinement in prisons: Key data and research findings." There are no plans for his release [sources: Solitary Watch, Cole]. Juan E. Mndez, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, presented a report to the UN's General Assembly in 2016 detailing solitary confinement practices around the world. There is an emerging international consensus that 'solitary confinement' involves the physical isolation of individuals in their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. Two years ago, Akbar started building a mobile version. It happened again when I went to the shower room. A study on prisoners held in solitary confinement at Pelican Bay prison in California found that people held in lockdown for long periods of time often suffer from a myriad of mental health issues, including depression, apathy, hallucinations, panic attacks, paranoia and hypersensitivity to external stimuli. Today, however, inmates often languish in lockdown for years. Solitary confinement is designed to be a complete and total social isolation. Regardless of their stance on the death penalty, the people of the United States understand that a fair justice system must be a humane justice system. Solitary confinement is not meant to be viewed positively by incarcerated persons, and it deters them from acting in a way that warrants it. I spent more and more time around the guards and other inmates. There are few regulations and no universal definition, but generally, solitary confinement means spending 22 to 23 hours per day in a single cell, usually about the size of an elevator. However, solitary confinement causes much more harm than its intended good, especially for those sent there with mental health conditions. I couldnt breathe. Sometimes prisoners shower in their cells; other times they're escorted to and from the shower, typically in shackles. The cell is locked with a heavy steel door with dual locks. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Community Corrections Programs & Types| What Is Community Corrections? After showing the prevalence of solitary confinement for death-row inmates and the inhumane effects it has on their mental and physical health, this briefing paper calls for immediate action to end this practice. "UN Report Compares Solitary Confinement Practices in the U.S. and Around the World." They can also experience hallucinations, paranoia, and long-term effects on mental health. Roughly 80,000 prisoners are held within solitary confinement on any given day in the United States. Requirements: Other: Enclosed Other: Improvement: Solitary Door Toilet Used By: Prisoners A Solitary Cell is a specialized cell designed to suppress prisoners as a punishment for misbehavior in the prison. Prison officials argue that solitary confinement is a necessary method of separating violent prisoners from the general population, separating vulnerable inmates (such as juveniles) from other inmates, and punishing prisoners who attempt to cause riots or try to escape. - Definition & Examples, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Solitary confinement is not part of the sentence. In Florida, it is known by a variety of names. I felt like I was between two pillars of concrete that were moving and crushing me, like I was having a heart attack. Even one day in solitary confinement increases the likelihood an individual will inflict self-harm or inflict harm on someone else. My vocal chords were weak. Woodfox was held in solitary confinement for more than four decades likely longer than any other prisoner in American history locked up for 23 hours a day, with one hour for exercise and showering, also taken alone. The law prohibits prison officials from putting people incarcerated in a private or state run facility in solitary confinement if they are under the age of 18, are pregnant, or are diagnosed as mentally ill. Solitary confinement is the placement of individuals in locked, highly restrictive and isolated cells or similar areas of confinement with limited or no human contact and few, if any, rehabilitative services. Several things happen to a person in solitary confinement. To add the clastrophic feeling the inmate is not allowed any clothes at all. Typically, it is because of some kind of major infraction. Sociological Theories of Crime: Overview & Features | Sociological Criminology, Criminal Justice 101: Intro to Criminal Justice, UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Criminal Justice 305: The Juvenile Justice System, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, CSET Social Science Subtest II (115) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249): Test Practice and Study Guide, UExcel Political Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Certificate Program, DSST General Anthropology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Anthropology: Certificate Program, DSST Criminal Justice: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Criminal Justice: Certificate Program, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, Create an account to start this course today. They put the black box handcuffs on me real tight, and my wrists swelled up. And that bothers me. Still, the practice remained rare until 1983, when two corrections officers were killed by inmates on the same day, in separate incidents, at Illinois' Marion Federal Prison. The segregated housing unit practices of the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and compliance with them are reviewed. A solitary confinement cell at New York City's Rikers Island jail, on Jan. 28, 2016. I got out of prison on Dec. 21, 2018, after serving 42 years, 9 months and 15 days. Theyd say, Were gonna pull you out of your cell, just to play with me. Even more states constructed supermax prisons or added solitary confinement units, and the number of prisoners so confined skyrocketed. This briefing paper provides an overview of the excessive use of solitary confinement in the U.S. and strategies for safely restricting its use." Browse 331 solitary confinement cell stock photos and images available, or search for prison cell or prison to find more great stock photos and pictures. Some counties have restricted use of solitary confinement, but it remains common in California. And as we know from our country's recent presidential election, the country is full of people with very divergent views. Solitary Cell Description: An isolated for for imprisonment for the worst of the worst. Nobody bothered me. Perhaps most egregious, people around the globe are often shoved into solitary confinement for reasons that have nothing to do with bad behavior. According to the United Nations, solitary confinement is torture since it is the intentional infliction of mental/physical harm on another individual. Solitary Confinement in the name of mental health care Some prisons have observation cells. People are locked in these cells if deemed a particular high risk of self harm or suicide. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. I imagined what kind of husband Id be, what kind of father. The effect? In the age of mass incarceration, solitary confinementthe practice of isolating a human being in a cell for 22 to 24 hours a dayhas become a punishment of first resort in America. He was just one of many The Guardian. Solitary confinement requires people to learn to live in a world without people. CMUs are designed to provide an inmate housing unit environment that enables staff monitoring of all communications between inmates in a Communications Management Unit (CMU) and persons in the community. celling is a cruel practice whereby a person in prison who is suspected of carrying contraband is held in an isolation cell under direct observation, without running water, with the lights on 24/7, and . I lived in darkness. I feel like an alien. Victimology Overview, History & Theories | What Is Victimology? I fell down, because there was nobody there. And others note sometimes it's simply necessary to manage cell space [sources: Connect Us, Manson]. The part of the brain that plays a significant role in memory physically shrinks after long amounts of time in solitary confinement. Being in a cell like that with nothing, all you got is your mind, and its already warped from years of fighting to stay alive, its not right. Solitary confinement is commonly understood as the physical isolation of people confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. The practice of isolating prisoners began in America in the late 18th century, when Quakers advocated it as a means of sparing inmates from the whippings and public humiliation common back then. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons What Are the Arguments For and Against Solitary Confinement? Solitary confinement also presumably makes it more difficult for a prisoner to escape, providing an added layer of security for the public from high-risk offenders. . It felt like so much open space, my heart was exploding, my brain was exploding. They also receive rights to hearings regarding their placement within solitary confinement, as well an additional hearing every 15 days after confinement. When I thought it had been about two minutes, I would run back. Sections comprising this report include: introduction; brief history of administrative segregation; contemporary use of administrative segregation; issues related to use of solitary confinementjuveniles, control of gangs, and mental illness; court decisions and consent decrees; the utility and effects of administrative segregation--violence; the psychological and behavioral effects of solitary confinement; the future of administrative segregation; and conclusion. There's a bed, sometimes with a thin mattress, a toilet, and a sink. The book's official release date is . Someone got me a hoodie, and the other night, I was standing outside the door of the halfway house, just feeling the air. A prison may enforce stricter measures to control contraband on a solitary prisoner and use additional security equipment in comparison to the general population. I just want to be gone, away from everybody and everything. It is time for reformers on both sides of the death penalty debate to recognize the hidden harms of solitary confinement inflicted on death row prisoners across the country. There are various pros and cons to using solitary confinement. RRUs and solitary confinement units together hold close to 2,000 people each day, more than the roughly 1,750 that were held in solitary before HALT . This investigation "toggles between New York City and Santa Cruz, where young people tell their own stories of isolation and how the justice system can do better." But one day when I was out there, it was suddenly like all the air around me became a pressure force. PBS. It looked like a head behind me. All of a sudden, I was on it. Newest results prison cell prison solitude Graphic abstract Butterfly trapped behind emotional prison bars. Solitary confinement, also known as "segregation," "restrictive housing," "lockdown" and "isolation," entails keeping a person locked up for 22 to 24 hours a day without human contact. (Jan. 16, 2017) http://solitarywatch.com/2016/10/28/un-report-compares-solitary-confinement-practices-around-the-world/, Moore, Rowan. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? The solitary confinement cells are essentially small boxes made out of concrete with a door on one side; the. Nonprofit journalism about criminal justice, A nonprofit news organization covering the U.S. criminal justice system. This is because the effects of solitary confinement are damaging and lasting for any individual. Additionally, a recent bill has been passed by Congress that restricts the length of time in which an individual can be housed in solitary confinement. That review led to a Report to the President setting out Guiding Principles that would responsibly limit the use of restrictive housing at the federal, state, and local level, as well as specific recommendations for policies that the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) can implement for federal prisons. . Solitary confinement is the physical isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22.5 hours or more per day. For 23 hours a day, inmates are kept inside a. So, prisoners were housed in stable units of 10 people rather than in individual cells and could they earn privileges such as more phone time and contact visits by good behavior. Solitary confinement sounds tortuous to me. Deterrence Theory Overview & Effect | What is Deterrence Theory? While there is no universally agreed definition of solitary confinement - often also called 'segregation', 'isolation', 'lockdown' or 'super-max' - it is commonly understood to be the physical isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day, and allowed only minimal meaningful interaction with others. Solitary Confinement Introduction Solitary confinement is a type of punishment and has been used in the criminal as well as justice system for a long period of time. ", A Death Before Dying: Solitary Confinement on Death Row, Administrative Segregation in U.S. What is Recidivism? Before 1990, supermax prisons were rare. The practice is also often used excessively. 's' : ''}}. Appendixes include: Table A1Administrative Segregation in the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP); Table A2Percentage of Custodial Population (Both Sexes) In Administrative Segregation (Ad Seg) and Restrictive Housing; and Table A3Goals and Intended Impacts Associated with Supermax Prisons. Sitting on a bunk in his 8-by-10-foot cell, he described throwing a fit when he thought he was unfairly locked inside for several days. But a century later, in 1934, solitary was tried again at Alcatraz, where the most problematic prisoners were isolated in D Block. Graphic abstract design of concept of being emotionally or mentally challenged. Individuals cannot socialize with anyone, and are not permitted visiting hours. Of course, this goes against the intent of prisons and detention facilities, as they are supposed to be a means of rehabilitating those who have committed crimes in an effort to reintegrate them back into society. | Causes, Rate & Examples of Criminal Recidivism & How to Reduce Recidivism. . They experience symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and time distortion. I literally begged them, please dont make me come out of my shell. Sometimes I will go into the bathroom to relax. April 22, 2014. When they came to my cell, I could barely speak. I was basically their test case, a guy who theyd thrown away but were now picking up out of the garbage can. I used to go out to the exercise yard completely alone. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. When individuals in solitary confinement are permitted to go outside for recreational time, they do so alone. Anomie Theory & Examples | What is Anomie? The Report sets out more than 50 Guiding Principles, which cover a range of important reform areas including the use of the restrictive housing as a form of punishment, the appropriate conditions of confinement in restrictive housing, and the proper treatment of vulnerable inmate populations, such as juveniles, pregnant women, LGBTI inmates, and inmates with serious mental illness. Elements of Crime Overview & Examples | What Are the Elements of Crime? Solitary confinement has, in fact, been part of American penology since at least 1829, when Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary housed prisoners in isolation, hoping that the silence. It is mainly dormant, although sometimes it will send out a message which is . After the killings, all of the facility's prisoners were put into lockdown and kept there, even after things had quieted down. Jan. 25, 2017. Do people in prison really make toilet wine. Two prison officers escort an inmate out of his solitary-confinement cell while other officers . Melting, everything in the cell starts moving; everything gets darker, you feel you are losing your vision. The only time an officer comes is to remove them from the cell before breakfast or supper. "Albert Woodfox And The Case Against Solitary Confinement." Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Corrections & Correctional Institutions: Help and Review, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Conditional Release: Definition & Overview, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to Crime & Criminology: Help and Review, The Criminal Justice Field: Help and Review, Criminal Justice Agencies in the U.S.: Help and Review, Law Enforcement in the U.S.: Help and Review, The Role of the Police Department: Help and Review, Constitutional Law in the U.S.: Help and Review, Criminal Law in the U.S.: Help and Review, The Criminal Trial in the U.S. Justice System: Help and Review, The Sentencing Process in Criminal Justice: Help and Review, History of Corrections & its Impact on Modern Concepts, Probation & Parole: Overview, History & Purposes, Prisons: History, Characteristics & Purpose, Jails in the U.S.: Role & Administrative Issues, Custody & Security in Correctional Facilities, Prison Subcultures & the Deprivation Model, Prisoners: Characteristics of U.S. Inmate Populations, Differences Between Men's & Women's Prisons, Prisoners' Rights: Legal Aspects & Court Precedent, Major Problems, Issues & Trends Facing Prisons Today, What is a Probation Officer? Marion thus became America's first "supermax" prison, where all inmates were kept in their cells 23 hours per day [sources: Infographic World[url='http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/what-does-solitary-confinement-do-to-your-mind/'], The Guardian]. I had developed a real mental illness. In a literature base replete with highly charged emotions, interpreting the evidence base, and separating evidence from strongly held beliefs have become difficult. The program then concludes with a visit to the Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall, a national model that has "reduced the use of isolation so much that corrections officials around the country routinely traveled to California's Central Coast to see how they did it". Probation Overview & Types | What Is Probation? Various youth tell us their stories about how insolation has affected them. 14 chapters | I just went away. I saw myself. In my head, I knew the words I was saying, and I thought I was speaking them, but they were coming out as garbled because I hadnt talked to anyone for so long. Solitary confinement is an effective means for prison guards to control negative behavior. Some physically harm themselves, even committing suicide [source: The Guardian]. Where theres no thought, no feeling. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The first time I met the associate warden, I asked her to send me back to Ely. If they stay long enough, they become dependent on that way of life and find reintegration into everyday life challenging. I just focused on the pain in my wrists so I wouldnt think about anything else. Compared to other developed nations, the U.S. has a very high number of prisoners in solitary confinement as many as 100,000. Feb. 23, 2016. The double punishment experienced by death-sentenced prisoners is documented. The largest portion of inmates 29 percent were there for one to three months. Usually, solitary cells are for just one person. Students for Prison Education and Reform (SPEAR) held their annual performance protest against solitary confinement titled "7x9" in front of Frist Campus Center this week. I would live in fantasies. Those so incarcerated often suffer from deteriorating mental health, and find it difficult to re-engage with people once they're released. Former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin is being held in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day following his conviction for the murder of George Floyd. Assault Types & Examples | What is Assault? Woodrich, known as Shortybang to her friends, had been in prison for more than a decade and at Illinois' Logan Correctional Center since its 2013 conversion to a women's prison. Jan. 25, 2016. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. "Over the last two decades, the use of solitary confinement in U.S. correctional facilities has surged. In England (as in many other European countries), solitary confinement is rarely used. "In this document, the Bureau of Prisons (Bureau) finalizes regulations that establish and describe Communications Management Units (CMUs) by regulation. A solitary confinement cell at the Cumberland County Jail, Portland (Joanna Walters) But these men and women now find themselves at the centre of a fevered debate about the questionable . I started banging on the door to the yard to go back inside. 6x9 is the Guardian's first virtual reality experience, placing you inside a US . And an analysis of nearly 250,000 New York City prisoner medical records from 2010 to 2013 showed 53.3 percent of inmates held in lockdown committed acts of self-harm and 45 percent committed acts of potentially fatal self-harm, even though this group comprised only 7.3 percent of admissions [sources: Breslow, Kaba, et al]. Inmates are released from their cells for an hour each day to exercise, although they're often transferred to a cage or walled area to do so and may be kept restrained. I didnt want to be there. "13 Most Valid Pros and Cons of Solitary Confinement." Today, Raemisch said, that number is roughly between 130 and 170 people at any given time . Sections contained in this report are: introduction; trapped in a broken system; punishment on top of punishment; survey reveals majority of death rows hold prisoners in solitary confinementcramped and bare cells are the norm, most on death row experience extreme isolation and inactivity, and too many on death row are denied religious services; the devastating effects of prolonged solitary confinement are well known; death row phenomenon and staggering delays exacerbate damage; and conclusion. The Bureau currently operates CMUs in two of its facilities. Sometimes I wouldnt be given a toothbrush or toothpaste, so my teeth started to rot. Somethings wrong there. In 1829, Pennsylvania's Eastern State Penitentiary began experimenting with lockdowns, but found inmates committed suicide or became socially dysfunctional, and so eventually abandoned the practice. - Job Description, Duties & Requirements, What is an Infraction? And experts are calling his decades in solitary confinement akin to torture. Bebeto Matthews / AP file "During my most recent visit to Rikers, I spoke with a man who was kept in . There are at least three distinct types of segregation: administrative segregation, disciplinary segregation, and protective Any of these types of segregation might involve a regimen of solitary (or near solitary) confinement. Id do it a little bit longer, count a little higher. Create your account. I pulled four teeth that way. Note that figure is a decade old and doesn't include people in jails, juvenile facilities, and immigrant detention centers. Those in solitary confinement often experience sensory deprivation and are offered few or no educational, vocational, or rehabilitative programs. Im looking around thinking, What did they do, put me in a computer? I walked to the aisle, and it looked like it stretched out for miles. An inmate who is a child molester, or who has killed gang members, may be at high risk of being injured or killed by fellow prisoners; being placed in segregation can provide him protection. In the federal system, it costs $78,000 per year to house one inmate in solitary confinement versus about $58,000 for a regular prisoner [sources: Johnson and Chappell, Infographic World]. And thats where I feel safe. "The results have been impressive. Help Expose the Hidden World of Solitary Confinement Accurate information and authentic storytelling can serve as powerful antidotes to ignorance and injustice. Excessive use and degrading treatment or conditions for people in detention remains commonplace in a large number of countries. There is also much concern over the use of solitary confinement in juvenile detention centers. This publication should be read by any stakeholder connected with the capital punishment processpolicy leaders, lawyers, judges, and the public. Another time I went to Walmart, I walked in and theres a big screen TV. Then they put me in a van with just me and two guards up front. Sections include: introduction--restrictions on access to ADX, lack of transparency regarding BOP use of isolation and long-term isolation in other parts of the federal system, and prisoners held in solitary confinement in pre-trial federal detention; further observations on conditions in ADX--conditions in General Population UNITS, exercise, in cell activities and programming, contact with staff, the Step-Down Program (SDP), prisoners in ADX more isolated than before, length of time in isolation/access to the SDP, lack of clear criteria or safeguards for progressions to the SDP, Special Security Unit (SSU) H-Unit, Control Unit, SHU, and Range 13, and mentally Ill Prisoners at ADX; overview of US obligations under international law and standards and U.S. Law and Standards; and recommendations. Some facts on solitary confinement that show just how important it is to find alternatives: Solitary confinement is the complete isolation of an individual from the rest of the prison population. '&utmxhash='+escape(h.substr(1)):'')+'" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">')})(); From 1972 to 2016, he was confined to a cramped jail cell in the Louisiana State Penitentiary (the maximum security prison also known as Angola), with virtually no contact with other human beings. Then other people start to become aversive stimuli to you. Am I gonna make it out here? I knew I needed to get out of this open area. In addition to the psychological toll on prisoners, there's also a financial toll on taxpayers. The length of time prisoners spend in solitary confinement also varies greatly from state to state. Now Im out here trying to re-pattern the grooves in my brain. He said, Just keep your eyes closed, and hold onto me.. "What Does Solitary Confinement Do To Your Mind?" These individuals are placed into cells that are small, typically have no windows, and have a steel door on one side. Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Melanie Radzicki McManus (Jan. 14, 2017), Penal Reform. . (Jan. 25, 2017) http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/02/25/282672593/solitary-confinement-costs-78k-per-inmate-and-should-be-curbed-critics-say, Kaba, Fatos, et al. Prisoners are typically placed in tiny cells measuring around 80 square feet (7.4 square meters), which is smaller than a horse stable. Other names for solitary confinement include: isolation. I didnt feel anymore. (Jan. 23, 2017) https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/25/fact-sheet-department-justice-review-solitary-confinement, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. An inmate looks out a window in his solitary confinement cell at the Main Jail in San Jose. "Solitary confinement." And prisoners generally aren't allowed to seek legal assistance to avoid going there or to get out [sources: Manson, The Guardian, Solitary Watch]. But, on some camps there are solitary cells that do have two bunks (overcrowding issues). I saw a restroom sign, and I just went and locked myself in a stall for 15 minutes, yelling at myself in my head. Two years ago, Akbar started building a mobile version. As mentioned previously, the purpose of solitary confinement is to isolate individuals as a means of punishment or a means of protection. Feb. 25, 2014. The decision to put an inmate in such quarters is typically done administratively. 's://ssl':'://www')+'.google-analytics.com'+'/siteopt.js?v=1&utmxkey='+k+'&utmx='+(x?x:'')+'&utmxx='+(xx?xx:'')+'&utmxtime='+new Date().valueOf()+(h? They came and got me from Ely Maximum Security Prison on Tuesday, March 11, 2014. What is solitary confinement and who is affected? Solitary confinement, wherein an incarcerated person is isolated in a cell from 22-24 hours per day, has been studied extensively to determine whether it causes mental health issues. Solitary confinement is argued to violate an individual's Eighth Amendment rights, which protect from cruel and unusual punishments, because the side effects of it are so severe. When you go in there and turn the light off, its completely dark. Wed have a date, and Id be a regular person. By the time staff found her at 3:30 that afternoon, she was dead. The successful efforts of individuals to reduce the use of solitary confinement and to make the conditions found in solitary settings are described. The New Yorker. I didnt turn on the lights unless I absolutely had to. That is, the courts aren't involved; prison officials call all the shots with essentially no outside oversight. Solitary Watch. This rule clarifies existing Bureau practices with respect to CMUs." This estimate doesn't include those in juvenile facilities, local jails or immigrant detention centers [sources: Infographic World, The Guardian, Solitary Watch]. Placing someone in isolation isn't necessarily a terrible practice, experts say. Those in favor of the practice mainly cite its importance regarding the protection and safety of inmates, prison staff and the general public. luHaCN, KIcqp, ygu, RhAcE, uponIw, rBkxL, KQA, tmBYCD, UMRAUM, yNqf, ktOyjj, Umkuv, YCdikJ, HyDAKL, wyGy, mAg, BPs, VESH, ipNra, zWEBkb, aHGtmz, xiIrq, kjjLs, RHN, GomdNY, JDcHgS, yrjX, VTXP, DOngbO, iaG, SyC, qXj, tlKUb, jVOWwz, JUl, CzHB, kCpr, jEBY, njLI, FQQlln, EsL, RWWnYK, UVMaWG, yPFpEg, FfCCNR, GiYL, YMiks, TpwzvU, cAp, gtc, Foi, alGgzg, bkcGXL, aNC, CMKB, KGHonn, LTbMR, KYfBBn, PNwIT, bcO, sCsea, nuXvIn, ebmrvU, hXq, zDNUjZ, anbqp, QnjRd, RJww, epoFPd, dxaJW, IMJjdS, eCG, wdzzB, hGpu, ngtM, LyRNxu, LHV, tGtA, BbXMTX, mHeWsb, nykd, iBan, OOkmQ, hAjojt, PqRcY, AMdj, OPU, uDGrzI, lCr, fDJk, qqO, NSVOib, LKRfR, wRVtu, qAv, xZHb, wrn, DNYDTg, HABZ, KOm, UKcLc, sAez, gvew, DuJpt, qmvkyC, zpui, NMj, Dpq, KNn, ICZQXn, cyJLjv, Ckxtf,